Hydropower energy and pump storage power plant

1. Overview of the European small hydropower sector

“Small-scale-hydropower-is-one-of-the-most-cost-effective-energy-technologies-to-be-considered-for-rural-electrification-programmes-in-lessn-developedn-countries.n-Itn-isn-alson-then-mainn-prospectn-forn-futuren-hydron-developmentsn-inn-Europe,n-wheren-largen-scalen-opportunitiesn-haven-eithern-alreadyn-beenn-exploited,n-orn-wouldn-nown-ben-consideredn-environmentallyn-unacceptable.

Inn-2006,n-smalln-hydropowern-(SHP)n-generatedn-41,000n-GWhn-ofn-electricityn-andn-accountedn-forn-overn-13,000n-MWn-ofn-installedn-capacityn-inn-EUn-27n-whichn-isn-enoughn-ton-supplyn-electricityn-ton-overn-12n-millionn-households.n-Thisn-contributesn-ton-annualn-avoidancen-ofn-CO2n-byn-29n-millionn-tonnes,n-whichn-translatesn-inton-annualn-avoidedn-CO2n-costsn-ofn-aboutn-377n-M€n-.

Hydropowern-isn-veryn-dependentn-onn-an-country'sn-geography.n-Thisn-isn-demonstratedn-byn-then-factn-thatn-overn-90%n-ofn-installedn-smalln-hydropowern-capacityn-isn-concentratedn-inn-sixn-membern-statesn-ofn-then-EUn-27:n-Italy,n-France,n-Spain,n-Germany,n-Austrian-andn-Sweden.n-Inn-addition,n-Switzerlandn-andn-Norwayn-haven-an-highn-SHPn-capacity,n-whilen-then-largestn-capacitiesn-inn-then-newn-membern-statesn-aren-inn-Bulgaria,n-then-Czechn-Republic,n-Polandn-andn-Romanian-.n-Aboutn-70%n-ofn-economicallyn-feasiblen-hydropowern-potentialn-remainsn-undevelopedn-inn-then-world.

Inn-2006n-theren-weren-nearlyn-21,000n-SHPn-plantsn-inn-then-EUn-27n-andn-whenn-Norway,n-Switzerland,n-Bosnian-&n-Herzegovinan-andn-Montenegron-aren-included,n-then-numbern-ofn-SHPn-plantsn-increasesn-ton-an-totaln-ofn-nearlyn-23,000.n-Then-rangen-ofn-investmentn-costsn-cann-varyn-fromn-1000n-€/kWn-(Greece,n-Spain,n-Bulgaria,n-Czechn-Republic,n-Estonia)n-ton-12,000n-€/kWn-(Germany).n-Inn-termsn-ofn-averagen-SHPn-productionn-cost,n-then-rangen-variesn-fromn-0.4n-€cent/kWhn-(Bulgaria)n-ton-17.4n-€cents/kWhn-(Italy)n-.

1.1. SHP in Spain

Totaln-hydropowern-electricityn-generatedn-inn-Spainn-inn-2009n-wasn-23,862n-GWhn-andn-23%n-ofn-thisn-wasn-producedn-byn-SHPn-facilitiesn-(5483n-GWh).n-Totaln-installedn-hydropowern-isn-18,682n-MWn-ofn-whichn-1,974n-MWn-(10.6%)n-isn-SHP.n-Then-regionaln-distributionn-ofn-hydropowern-capacityn-isn-presentedn-inn-Fig.n-1.n-Then-onlyn-evaluationn-ofn-then-SHPn-stationsn-distributedn-throughoutn-hydrographicaln-rivern-basinsn-inn-Spainn-wasn-completedn-inn-1980n-,n-fromn-whichn-itn-isn-assumedn-thatn-then-SHPn-potentialn-isn-aboutn-30,000n-GWh/year.n-Inn-2009,n-hydropowern-suppliedn-1.7%n-ofn-Spain'sn-primaryn-energyn-needsn-andn-2.3%n-ofn-itsn-demandn-forn-electricity.

Fig. 1. Regional distribution of SHP capacity in Spain.

Developmentn-ofn-renewablen-energiesn-isn-an-priorityn-ton-whichn-Spanishn-energyn-policyn-isn-committed.n-Then-Nationaln-Actionn-Plann-forn-Renewablen-Energyn-inn-Spainn-(PANER)n-n-isn-responsiven-ton-then-requirementsn-andn-methodologyn-ofn-then-Europeann-Commissionn-Directiven-2009/28/CEn-n-whichn-setn-an-bindingn-targetn-ofn-20%n-ofn-totaln-consumptionn-fromn-renewablen-energyn-sourcesn-byn-2020.n-Withinn-then-Europeann-Commission,n-then-Spanishn-modeln-isn-an-successfuln-examplen-ofn-policiesn-designedn-ton-promoten-renewables.n-Then-principlen-resultn-isn-then-volumen-attainedn-byn-renewablen-electricity,n-whichn-hasn-establishedn-an-structuraln-positionn-ofn-then-firstn-order.n-Inn-2009,n-renewablen-technologiesn-accountedn-forn-approximatelyn-25%n-ofn-totaln-electricityn-generationn-andn-12.2%n-ofn-then-grossn-finaln-energyn-consumptionn-inn-Spain.

Then-country'sn-regulatoryn-frameworkn-forn-electricityn-generationn-withn-renewablen-energiesn-isn-structuredn-throughn-an-feedn-inn-tariffn-system.n-Thisn-operatesn-byn-securingn-then-paymentn-ofn-an-tariffn-atn-then-wholesalen-marketn-pricen-forn-superiorn-technology.n-Then-additionaln-financingn-isn-generatedn-byn-levyingn-then-electricityn-tariffn-ofn-individualn-users.n-Insteadn-ofn-ann-ordinaryn-systemn-ofn-directn-subsidiesn-ton-producers,n-then-costsn-aren-sharedn-betweenn-conventionaln-energyn-producersn-andn-consumers,n-inn-suchn-an-wayn-thatn-then-resultingn-marketn-pricen-ofn-electricn-energyn-productionn-isn-reducedn-owingn-ton-then-prioritizationn-ofn-renewablen-sourcesn-thatn-entern-then-electricityn-productionn-system.n-Therefore,n-consumersn-onlyn-financen-renewablen-producersn-inn-sectorsn-thatn-aren-notn-coveredn-byn-thisn-effect.

Lawn-54/1997n-ofn-then-Electricaln-Sectorn-specifiesn-twon-regimesn-forn-electricaln-generation:

Specialn-regimen-generationn-activityn-includesn-electricityn-generationn-inn-powern-installationsn-notn-exceedingn-50n-MWn-usingn-renewablen-energyn-asn-then-primaryn-sourcen-ofn-energy,n-orn-wasten-andn-thosen-powern-installationsn-thatn-involven-cogenerationn-asn-an-technologyn-withn-an-highn-leveln-ofn-efficiencyn-andn-considerablen-energyn-saving.n-Thisn-activityn-hasn-economicn-andn-legaln-statutoryn-benefitsn-comparedn-withn-then-ordinaryn-systemn-thatn-appliesn-ton-conventionaln-technologies.n-Thesen-facilitiesn-aren-regulatedn-byn-then-Royaln-Decreen-661/2007n-.n-Twon-tariffn-systemsn-existn-withn-regardn-ton-repaymentn-forn-renewablen-energies,n-whichn-alson-applyn-ton-minin-hydron-powern-installations:

Then-evolutionn-ofn-then-fixedn-tariff,n-then-mostn-widelyn-chosenn-duringn-then-lastn-10n-yearsn-throughoutn-then-SHPn-sector,n-isn-presentedn-inn-Tablen-1.n-Amongn-then-measuresn-thatn-willn-boostn-futuren-developmentn-is,n-primarily,n-then-maintenancen-ofn-ann-effectiven-tariffn-system.n-Then-onlyn-quantitativen-evolutionn-ofn-then-sectorn-isn-fromn-minin-powern-stationsn-connectedn-ton-then-grid.n-Thus,n-then-Nationaln-Actionn-Plann-forn-Renewablen-Energyn-inn-Spainn-(PANER)n-n-proposedn-regulatoryn-measuresn-designedn-ton-promoten-newn-SHPn-facilitiesn-andn-financialn-measuresn-inn-ordern-ton-improven-andn-modernizen-existingn-facilitiesn-nearingn-then-endn-ofn-theirn-usefuln-life.

Tablen-1.n-Evolutionn-ofn-then-fixedn-electricaln-tariffn-forn-electricityn-generationn-undern-then-Specialn-Regimen-appliedn-ton-SHPn-inn-Spainn-(1998-2009).

Year

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

c€/kWh

6.778

6.685

6.365

6.365

6.383

6.491

6.548

8.964

8.979

7.382

8.248

8.500

Inn-thisn-work,n-an-casen-studyn-ofn-an-smalln-hydropowerplantn-inn-Spainn-isn-presented.n-Then-SHPn-facilityn-belongsn-ton-an-smalln-energyn-companyn-thatn-operatesn-undern-an-Specialn-Regimen-forn-electricityn-production.n-Itn-hasn-beenn-fullyn-operationaln-forn-10n-years.n-Inn-then-firstn-place,n-thisn-casen-studyn-describesn-then-SHPn-plant,n-andn-itn-goesn-onn-ton-examinen-then-economicn-aspectsn-ofn-electricityn-production,n-itsn-associatedn-costs,n-andn-relevantn-grantsn-andn-financialn-subsidies.n-Then-viabilityn-projectn-ofn-then-facilityn-hasn-beenn-simulatedn-fromn-RETScreenn-,n-comparingn-then-realn-datan-ton-othern-possiblen-economicn-scenarios.n-Then-resultsn-demonstrate,n-beyondn-doubt,n-then-viabilityn-ofn-smalln-hydron-powern-plants,n-evenn-undern-unfavourablen-economicn-scenariosn-forn-investment.

2. The SHP case study in Spain

2.1. The facility description

Then-SHPn-casen-studyn-(Astuwatt)n-isn-locatedn-onn-then-banksn-ofn-then-Rivern-Pisuerga,n-inn-then-townn-ofn-Astudillon-(Palencia),n-atn-then-centren-ofn-then-autonomousn-regionn-ofn-Castillan-yn-Leónn-inn-Spain.n-Itn-isn-an-400n-kWn-gridn-connectedn-run-ofn-rivern-typen-SHPn-plantn-withn-non-damn-orn-watern-storage.n-Itsn-640n-mn-longn-trapezoidaln-bypassn-channeln-fallsn-an-totaln-ofn-2.9n-verticaln-metresn-overn-itsn-totaln-length.n-Then-widthsn-atn-then-bottomn-andn-atn-then-topn-ofn-then-channeln-aren-6n-mn-andn-12n-m,n-respectively.n-Oncen-turbinated,n-then-flown-isn-channelledn-backn-ton-then-mainn-river.n-Then-aerialn-photographsn-inn-Fig.n-2n-illustraten-(a)n-then-plant,n-(b)n-then-bypassn-channeln-andn-(c)n-then-returnn-ton-then-mainn-river.

Fig.n-2.n-SHPn-facility:n-(a)n-aerialn-photographyn-ofn-then-plant;n-(b)n-bypassn-channel;n-(c)n-returnn-ofn-then-bypassn-ton-then-mainn-river.

Then-bypassn-channeln-wasn-constructedn-byn-modifyingn-ann-oldn-irrigationn-channel.n-Then-bottomn-ofn-then-channeln-isn-sandyn-andn-onlyn-then-finaln-150n-mn-ofn-itsn-640n-mn-length,n-aren-ton-minimizen-lossn-throughn-erosion.n-Then-plantn-isn-environmentallyn-integratedn-n-andn-thereforen-posesn-non-threatn-ton-then-indigenousn-floran-andn-fauna.

Then-plantn-employsn-twon-200n-kWn-semin-Kaplann-turbines,n-specificallyn-designedn-forn-then-project,n-thatn-aren-1.5n-mn-inn-diameter,n-withn-ann-internaln-adjustablen-turbinen-runnern-tiltedn-15°n-fromn-then-horizontal.n-Then-designn-flown-isn-9n-m3/s.n-An-multipliern-elementn-isn-usedn-ton-adjustn-then-speedn-ofn-then-turbinen-(190n-rpm)n-ton-then-speedn-ofn-then-electricn-generatorn-(750n-rpm).n-Theren-aren-twon-200n-kWn-generatorsn-(Abbn-Motors,n-modeln-M2BAn-355n-MLA8),n-onen-ofn-whichn-isn-specificallyn-forn-then-turbine.n-Then-outputn-voltagen-ofn-thisn-generatorn-isn-400n-Vn-andn-an-transformationn-systemn-isn-usedn-ton-convertn-then-electricityn-ton-highn-voltagen-forn-inputn-ton-then-grid.n-Ann-automaticn-systemn-controlsn-alln-mechanicaln-componentsn-andn-recordsn-productionn-data.n-Fig.n-3n-showsn-then-turbinesn-andn-then-controln-system.

Fig.n-3.n-Differentn-electromechanicaln-elementsn-ofn-then-SHPn-plant:n-(a)n-zenithaln-viewn-ofn-then-turbines;n-(b)n-electricn-generator;n-(c)n-multiplier;n-(d)n-controln-system.

2.2. Economic data for the case study

Then-projectn-grantn-forn-then-operationn-wasn-awardedn-inn-1990n-butn-itn-wasn-notn-possiblen-ton-completen-then-administrativen-processn-andn-fulfiln-alln-then-necessaryn-administrativen-requirementsn-relatingn-ton-permitsn-untiln-1997.n-Then-runningn-timen-wasn-approximatelyn-15n-monthsn-andn-then-systemn-wasn-poweredn-upn-inn-Junen-1998.

Then-finaln-pricen-ofn-then-installationn-amountedn-ton-1n-M€,n-ofn-whichn-30%n-ofn-then-totaln-costn-wasn-financedn-throughn-an-bankn-loann-withn-ann-interestn-raten-ofn-9%n-forn-7n-yearsn-andn-an-grantn-amountingn-ton-€24,000n-wasn-receivedn-fromn-then-Governmentn-ofn-Castillan-yn-León.n-Annualn-expendituren-currentlyn-amountsn-ton-€32,000,n-whichn-includesn-maintenance,n-staffn-costsn-andn-insurance.

Tablen-2n-showsn-monthlyn-electricaln-productionn-fromn-then-outsetn-ofn-itsn-functioningn-untiln-2009n-andn-totaln-annualn-electricaln-productionn-isn-presentedn-inn-Fig.n-4.n-Then-facilityn-tariffsn-itsn-productionn-atn-an-fixedn-tariff,n-notedn-inn-Tablen-1.n-Sincen-then-outset,n-then-installationn-hasn-functionedn-forn-ann-averagen-ofn-3,135n-hn-pern-year,n-exceptn-duringn-2001,n-whenn-then-plantn-neededn-repairsn-followingn-extensiven-flooding.n-Thisn-valuen-isn-withinn-then-rangen-ofn-then-technologyn-andn-then-designn-flown-n-usedn-inn-then-project.n-However,n-then-pricen-pern-kWn-installedn-(2500n-€/kW)n-isn-highern-thann-then-averagen-estimatedn-byn-industryn-associationsn-.n-Thisn-isn-mainlyn-duen-ton-increasedn-costsn-associatedn-withn-then-usen-ofn-selfn-designedn-turbines,n-whichn-requiredn-then-adaptationn-ofn-othern-elementsn-inn-then-plantn-andn-then-usen-ofn-twon-turbinesn-insteadn-ofn-one,n-inn-ordern-ton-adjustn-then-capacityn-ofn-then-facilityn-ton-then-rivern-flow.

Tablen-2.n-Annualn-electricaln-productionn-(GWh)n-ofn-then-SHPn-facilityn-Asturwattn-inn-then-periodn-undern-evaluationn-(1998-2009).

Month

Year

1998

1999

2000

2001a

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Jan

0

130.10

233.21

0

113.18

142.72

244.57

134.71

132.18

201.90

123.13

187.25

Feb

0

108.43

177.26

0

90.29

127.50

204.09

132.64

108.57

194.21

114.11

194.24

Mar

0

72.22

122.69

0

142.48

168.99

223.86

154.32

215.29

224.04

116.32

222.52

Apr

0

52.63

137.30

0

104.80

190.37

182.14

139.66

186.33

203.09

171.97

151.07

May

0

76.25

201.89

0

32.05

183.68

132.69

89.71

73.53

206.93

220.05

94.56

Jun

45.65

49.61

137.88

0

20.07

119.47

100.07

110.07

49.28

190.66

127.72

87.19

Jul

154.15

90.86

144.79

0

97.07

109.24

94.02

145.75

61.79

141.29

104.37

136.08

Aug

134.50

74.74

141.84

0

70.68

131.65

90.98

127.68

69.13

123.75

108.53

118.72

Sept

103.46

30.67

45.00

0

0.00

66.01

48.59

21.83

20.41

124.99

97.68

58.20

Oct

24.48

55.58

7.99

28.80

43.25

81.79

31.53

0.19

49.83

59.16

0.54

8.60

Nov

7.56

199.22

114.41

74.97

94.74

130.75

92.92

83.60

131.31

27.58

41.85

18.21

Dec

0.22

186.48

14.40

67.07

150.87

187.23

113.80

106.08

200.14

28.18

175.96

76.65

Total

470.02

1126.80

1478.66

170.84

959.46

1639.41

1559.25

1246.24

1297.78

1725.80

1402.22

1353.30

an-Then-electricaln-productionn-wasn-nulln-fromn-Januaryn-ton-Septembern-ofn-2001n-duen-ton-damagen-causedn-byn-an-majorn-floodn-andn-subsequentn-repairsn-ton-an-largen-partn-ofn-then-electromechanicaln-elementsn-ofn-then-installation.

Fig.n-4.n-Annualn-totaln-productionn-(MWh)n-ofn-then-SHPn-facilityn-fromn-1998n-ton-2009.

3. RETScreen study of the facility

Then-previousn-sectionn-presentedn-an-casen-forn-an-viablen-andn-costn-effectiven-installationn-inn-an-particularn-economicn-scenario.n-Opportunitiesn-forn-implementingn-commerciallyn-viable,n-energyn-efficientn-andn-renewablen-energyn-technologiesn-(RETs)n-aren-oftenn-missedn-thesen-days,n-becausen-manyn-plannersn-andn-decision-makersn-stilln-don-notn-routinelyn-considern-themn-atn-then-criticallyn-important,n-initialn-planningn-stage,n-evenn-thoughn-technologiesn-suchn-asn-smalln-hydropowern-installationsn-haven-provenn-theirn-reliabilityn-andn-costn-effectivenessn-inn-similarn-situationsn-elsewhere.n-Specificn-proceduresn-regardingn-designn-andn-economicn-viabilityn-studiesn-ofn-smalln-hydropowerplantn-projectsn-haven-beenn-developedn-,n-n-andn-,n-inn-ordern-ton-addressn-andn-integraten-atn-an-pren-feasibility,n-planningn-stage,n-perspectivesn-thatn-considern-alln-then-potentialn-obstaclesn-thatn-cann-arise.

RETScreenn-softwaren-n-andn-n-isn-capablen-ofn-assessingn-RETsn-viabilityn-factorsn-suchn-asn-energyn-resourcesn-availablen-atn-then-projectn-site,n-equipmentn-performance,n-initialn-projectn-costs,n-basen-casen-credits,n-on-goingn-andn-periodicn-projectn-costs,n-avoidedn-costn-ofn-energy,n-financing,n-taxesn-onn-equipmentn-andn-incomen-(orn-savings),n-environmentaln-characteristicsn-ofn-energyn-displaced,n-environmentaln-creditsn-and/orn-subsidiesn-andn-decision-makern-definedn-costn-effectiveness.

Moreover,n-then-RETScreenn-softwaren-integratesn-an-seriesn-ofn-databasesn-thatn-helpn-ton-overcomen-then-costsn-andn-difficultiesn-associatedn-withn-gatheringn-meteorologicaln-data,n-productn-performancen-data,n-etc.n-Hence,n-worldwiden-meteorologicaln-datan-hasn-beenn-incorporatedn-directlyn-inton-then-RETScreenn-software.n-Thisn-meteorologicaln-databasen-includesn-bothn-then-groundn-basedn-meteorologicaln-datan-andn-NASA'sn-satelliten-derivedn-meteorologicaln-datan-sets.n-Then-RETScreen'sn-hydroelectricn-modeln-cann-ben-usedn-anywheren-inn-then-world,n-butn-then-onlyn-availablen-hydrologicaln-datan-isn-fromn-Canada.n-However,n-then-usern-cann-introducen-datan-fromn-anyn-othern-source.n-Then-softwaren-hasn-beenn-widelyn-usedn-ton-studyn-alln-typesn-ofn-renewablen-energiesn-including:n-smalln-hydropower,n-photovoltaicn-powern-n-andn-,n-solarn-watern-heatersn-,n-windn-andn-smalln-windn-projectsn-,n-combinedn-heatn-andn-powern-facilitiesn-,n-hybridn-systemsn-,n-amongn-others.n-Then-applicationn-ofn-thisn-tooln-forn-then-proposedn-casen-studyn-willn-demonstraten-itsn-capacityn-ton-performn-pren-feasibilityn-studiesn-anywheren-inn-then-worldn-andn-willn-expandn-then-studyn-forn-applicationn-inn-othern-designn-optionsn-andn-financingn-asn-welln-asn-differentn-economicn-scenarios.

Sevenn-worksheetsn-aren-providedn-inn-then-smalln-hydron-projectn-workbookn-file:

Energy model;

Hydrology analysis and load calculation;

Equipment data;

Cost analysis;

Greenhouse gas emission reduction analysis;

Financial summary;

Sensitivity and risk analysis

Fig.n-5.n-RETScreenn-modeln-flown-diagram.

3.1. The energy model

Then-firstn-step,n-referredn-ton-asn-then-energyn-model,n-requiresn-then-usern-ton-collectn-basicn-informationn-concerningn-then-siten-conditionsn-asn-mayn-ben-necessary:n-latituden-andn-longitude,n-availablen-head,n-orn-dropn-inn-elevation.n-Thesen-datan-aren-presentedn-inn-Tablen-3n-inn-relationn-ton-thisn-casen-study.

Tablen-3.n-Energyn-modeln-datan-forn-then-SHPn-project.

Unit

Locationn-ofn-meteorologicaln-data

Locationn-ofn-then-project

Latitude

°N

42.0

42.2

Longitude

°E

-4.5

-4.3

Dropn-inn-elevation

M

757

780

Heatingn-designn-temperature

°C

-2.3

Airn-conditioningn-designn-temperature

°C

26.1

Soiln-temperaturen-amplitude

°C

19.4

3.2. Hydrology analysis and load calculation

RETScreenn-calculatesn-then-estimatedn-renewablen-energyn-deliveredn-forn-SHPn-projects,n-basedn-onn-then-adjustedn-availablen-flown-(adjustedn-flow-durationn-curve),n-then-designn-flow,n-then-residualn-flow,n-then-loadn-(load-durationn-curve),n-then-grossn-headn-andn-then-efficiencies/losses.

Then-flow-durationn-curven-ofn-then-Rivern-Pisuergan-inn-then-facilityn-siten-hasn-beenn-calculatedn-fromn-datan-compiledn-byn-then-Confederaciónn-Hidrográfican-deln-Dueron-,n-then-resultsn-ofn-whichn-aren-presentedn-inn-Fig.n-6.n-Itn-alson-includesn-then-designn-flown-ofn-then-turbinesn-andn-then-biologicaln-indicatorsn-ofn-then-rivern-flow.

Fig.n-6.n-Flown-durationn-curven-forn-then-Rivern-Pisuerga.

3.3. Equipment data

Then-datan-onn-smalln-hydron-turbinen-efficiencyn-cann-ben-enteredn-manuallyn-orn-cann-ben-calculatedn-byn-RETScreen.n-Turbinen-performancen-isn-calculatedn-atn-regularn-intervalsn-onn-then-flow-durationn-curve.n-Plantn-capacityn-isn-thenn-calculatedn-andn-then-power-durationn-curven-isn-established.n-Availablen-energyn-isn-simplyn-calculatedn-byn-integratingn-then-power-durationn-curve.n-Inn-then-casen-ofn-an-centraln-grid,n-then-energyn-deliveredn-isn-equaln-ton-then-energyn-available.n-Then-calculationn-involvesn-comparingn-then-dailyn-renewablen-hydron-energyn-availablen-ton-then-dailyn-load-durationn-curven-forn-eachn-ofn-then-flow-durationn-curven-values.

Forn-thisn-casen-study,n-then-efficiencyn-asn-an-functionn-ofn-then-flow-durationn-curven-andn-then-numbern-ofn-functioningn-turbinesn-isn-presentedn-inn-Fig.n-7n-andn-an-summaryn-ofn-resultsn-inn-Tablen-4n-andn-Tablen-5.

Fig.n-7.n-Turbinen-performancen-asn-an-functionn-ofn-then-flown-durationn-curven-andn-then-numbern-ofn-workingn-turbines.

Tablen-4.n-Summaryn-ofn-then-technicaln-performancen-characteristicn-ofn-then-semin-Kaplann-turbinen-ofn-Asturwatt.

Designn-flow

18n-m3/s

Designn-coefficient

4.5

Turbinen-peakn-efficiency

78.5%

Flown-atn-peakn-performance

13.5n-m3/s

Turbinen-efficiencyn-atn-designn-flow

78.1%

Maximumn-hydraulicn-losses

35%

Miscellaneousn-losses

2%

Availability

97%

Tablen-5.n-Equipmentn-datan-analysis:n-summaryn-ofn-results.

Powern-capacity

363n-kW

Availablen-flown-adjustmentn-factor

97%

Electricityn-exportedn-ton-grid

1479n-MWh

3.4. Cost analysis

Duringn-then-costn-analysisn-step,n-an-detailedn-costn-analysisn-isn-performedn-takingn-inton-accountn-initialn-costsn-andn-annualn-costsn-(maintenance,n-staffn-andn-insurances)n-involvedn-inn-then-project.n-Fig.n-8n-presentsn-then-distributionn-ofn-initialn-expenses.

Fig.n-8.n-Summaryn-ofn-then-initialn-costsn-ofn-then-facility.

3.5. Greenhouse gas emission reduction analysis

Then-RETScreenn-hasn-then-capacityn-ton-estimaten-then-amountn-ofn-greenn-housen-gasesn-(GHG),n-whichn-couldn-ben-avoidedn-asn-an-resultn-ofn-usingn-renewablen-energyn-sources.n-Then-requiredn-inputn-datan-isn-then-fueln-typen-usedn-inn-then-specificn-countryn-inn-question,n-whichn-isn-selectedn-asn-Alln-fueln-typesn-andn-then-transportn-andn-distributionn-lossesn-aren-calculatedn-atn-7.5%n-forn-Spain,n-asn-an-developedn-country.n-Then-modeln-GHGn-emissionn-factorn-isn-estimatedn-ton-ben-0.411n-tCO2/MWhn-andn-then-netn-annualn-GHGn-emissionn-reductionn-isn-607.4n-tCO2/year.

3.6. Financial summary

An-numbern-ofn-differentn-economicn-andn-financialn-feasibilityn-indicesn-weren-calculatedn-suchn-asn-then-yearn-ton-positiven-cashn-flow,n-Internaln-Raten-ofn-Returnn-(IRR),n-returnn-onn-investmentn-(ROI),n-andn-Netn-Presentn-Valuen-(NPV).n-Then-resultsn-aren-presentedn-inn-Fig.n-9,n-inn-whichn-then-calculatedn-RETscreenn-accumulatedn-cashn-flown-resultsn-overn-50n-yearsn-ofn-operationn-cann-ben-comparedn-withn-then-usualn-onesn-overn-then-10n-yearsn-ofn-operation.n-Tablen-6n-summarisesn-thesen-results.n-Then-RETscreenn-calculationsn-aren-basedn-onn-4.54%n-aftern-taxn-IRRn-assetsn-andn-an-simplen-paybackn-overn-11.2n-years,n-whilen-then-realn-resultsn-overn-10n-yearsn-aren-4.1%n-andn-12.5n-yearsn-ofn-payback.n-NPVn-forn-then-plantn-isn-€2,349,625,n-veryn-closen-ton-then-calculatedn-figure,n-drawnn-fromn-ann-extrapolationn-ofn-then-actualn-datan-whichn-amountsn-ton-€2,012,466.”n-(Waterloo,n-1999,n-55)

Conclusions

Inn-thisn-paper,n-an-realn-casen-ofn-an-400n-kWn-gridn-connectedn-SHPn-previousn-termplantnextn-termn-hasn-beenn-presented.n-Then-installationn-hasn-functionedn-atn-fulln-capacityn-overn-then-pastn-10n-yearsn-andn-hasn-presentedn-positiven-previousn-termenergynextn-termn-efficient,n-environmentaln-andn-economicn-results.n-Then-totaln-amountn-ofn-generatedn-electricityn-amountedn-ton-17,070.4n-MWn-atn-then-endn-ofn-2009n-andn-then-previousn-termplantnextn-termn-hasn-avoidedn-then-emissionn-ofn-607.2n-tCO2/year.n-An-totaln-repaymentn-periodn-ofn-12n-yearsn-wasn-calculated,n-aftern-allowingn-forn-financialn-subsidiesn-andn-grants.n-Then-installationn-isn-assumedn-ton-haven-estimatedn-lifetimen-ofn-50n-years.

An-pren-feasibilityn-studyn-wasn-conductedn-usingn-RETScreenn-softwaren-inn-ordern-ton-extendn-then-casen-studyn-ton-othern-economicn-scenariosn-andn-demonstraten-then-viabilityn-ofn-thesen-typesn-ofn-projects.n-Then-energeticn-andn-economicn-resultsn-generatedn-byn-then-RETScreenn-softwaren-closelyn-approximaten-then-usualn-ones,n-whichn-demonstratesn-then-capacityn-ofn-then-RETScreenn-ton-analysen-smalln-hydron-projects.n-Then-estimatedn-previousn-termenergynextn-termn-productionn-costn-isn-5n-c€/kWh,n-an-valuen-withinn-then-marginsn-calculatedn-byn-variousn-industrialn-associationsn-thatn-workn-inn-then-sector.

Then-sensitivityn-analysisn-thatn-changesn-then-economicn-variablesn-hasn-demonstratedn-thatn-then-installationn-is,n-fromn-ann-economicn-pointn-ofn-view,n-profitable,n-evenn-withoutn-then-feedn-inn-tariffn-subventionn-system,n-providedn-thatn-then-electricityn-pricen-isn-adjustedn-ton-then-CPIn-changes.n-However,n-alln-ofn-then-advantagesn-outlinedn-inn-thisn-studyn-aren-inn-starkn-contrastn-ton-problemsn-overn-drawnn-outn-administrativen-proceduresn-andn-redn-tapen-inn-then-variousn-localn-andn-regionaln-authoritiesn-whenn-processingn-permits,n-andn-grantingn-licensesn-andn-environmentaln-concessions.n-An-centralizedn-proceduren-isn-clearlyn-required,n-whichn-wouldn-facilitaten-then-implementationn-ofn-facilitiesn-andn-preventn-delaysn-andn-lossn-ofn-competitiveness.

,n-sm a lln-hydropowe rn-(SHP)n-ge ne ra te dn-41,000n-GWhn-ofn-e le ctricityn-a ndn-a ccounte dn-forn-ove rn-13,000n-M Wn-ofn-insta lle dn-ca pa cityn-inn-E Un-27n-whichn-isn-e noughn-ton-supplyn-e le ctricityn-ton-ove rn-12n-m illionn-house holds.n-Thisn-contribute sn-ton-a nnua ln-a voida nce n-ofn-CO2n-byn-29n-m illionn-tonne s,n-whichn-tra nsla te sn-inton-a nnua ln-a voide dn-CO2n-costsn-ofn-a boutn-377n-M €n-.

Hydropowe rn-isn-ve ryn-de pe nde ntn-onn-a n-country'sn-ge ogra phy.n-Thisn-isn-de m onstra te dn-byn-the n-fa ctn-tha tn-ove rn-90%n-ofn-insta lle dn-sm a lln-hydropowe rn-ca pa cityn-isn-conce ntra te dn-inn-sixn-m e m be rn-sta te sn-ofn-the n-E Un-27:n-Ita ly,n-Fra nce ,n-Spa in,n-Ge rm a ny,n-A ustria n-a ndn-Swe de n.n-Inn-a ddition,n-Switze rla ndn-a ndn-Norwa yn-ha ve n-a

n-highn-SHPn-ca pa city,n-while n-the n-la rge stn-ca pa citie sn-inn-the n-ne wn-m e m be rn-sta te sn-a re n-inn-Bulga ria ,n-the n-Cze chn-Re public,n-Pola ndn-a ndn-Rom a nia n-.n-A boutn-70%n-ofn-e conom ica llyn-fe a sible n-hydropowe rn-pote ntia ln-re m a insn-unde ve lope dn-inn-the n-world.

Inn-2006n-the re n-we re n-ne a rlyn-21,000n-SHPn-pla ntsn-inn-the n-E Un-27n-a ndn-whe nn-Norwa y,n-Switze rla nd,n-Bosnia n-&n-He rze govina n-a ndn-M onte ne gron-a re n-include d,n-the n-num be rn-ofn-SHPn-pla ntsn-incre a se sn-ton-a n-tota ln-ofn-ne a rlyn-23,000.n-The n-ra nge n-ofn-inve stm e ntn-costsn-ca nn-va ryn-from n-1000n-€/kWn-(Gre e ce ,n-Spa in,n-

Bulga ria ,n-Cze chn-Re public,n-E stonia )n-ton-12,000n-€/kWn-(Ge rm a ny).n-Inn-te rm sn-ofn-a ve ra ge n-SHPn-productionn-cost,n-the n-ra nge n-va rie sn-from n-0.4n-€ce nt/kWhn-(Bulga ria )n-ton-17.4n-€ce nts/kWhn-(Ita ly)n-.

1.1. SHP in Spa in

Tota ln-hydropowe rn-e le ctricityn-ge ne ra te dn-inn-Spa inn-inn-2009n-wa sn-23,862n-GWhn-a ndn-23%n-ofn-thisn-wa sn-produce dn-byn-SHPn-fa cilitie sn-(5483n-GWh).n-Tota ln-insta lle dn-hydropowe rn-isn-18,682n-M Wn-ofn-whichn-1,974n-M Wn

-(10.6%)n-isn-SHP.n-The n-re giona ln-

tionsn-distribute dn-throughoutn-hydrogra phica ln-rive rn-ba sinsn-inn-Spa inn-wa sn-com ple te dn-inn-1980n-,n-from n-whichn-itn-isn-a ssum e dn-tha

tn-the n-SHPn-pote ntia ln-isn-a boutn-30,000n-GWh/ye a r.n-Inn-2009,n-hydropowe rn-supplie dn-1.7%n-ofn-Spa in'sn-prim a ryn-e ne rgyn-ne e dsn-a ndn

tionsn-distribute dn-throughoutn-hydrogra phica ln-rive rn-ba sinsn-inn-Spa inn-wa sn-com ple te dn-inn-1980n-,n-from n-whichn-itn-isn-a ssum e dn-tha

tn-the n-SHPn-pote ntia ln-isn-a boutn-30,000n-GWh/ye a r.n-Inn-2009,n-hydropowe rn-supplie dn-1.7%n-ofn-Spa in'sn-prim a ryn-e ne rgyn-ne e dsn-a ndn-2.3%n-ofn-itsn-de m a ndn-forn-e le ctricity.



Fig. 1. Re giona l distribution of SHP ca pa city in Spa in.

De ve lopm e ntn-ofn-re ne wa ble n-e ne rgie sn-isn-a n-priorityn-ton-whichn-Spa nishn-e ne rgyn-policyn-isn-com m itte d.n-The n-Na tiona ln-A ctionn-Pla nn-forn-Re ne wa ble n-E ne rgyn-inn-Spa inn-(PA NE R)n-n-isn-re sponsive n-ton-the n-re quire m e ntsn-a ndn-m e thodologyn-ofn-the n-E urope a nn-Com m issionn-Dire ctive n-2009/28/CE n-n-whichn-se tn-a n-bindingn-ta rge tn-ofn-20%n-ofn-tota ln-consum ptionn-from n-re ne wa ble n-e ne rgyn-source sn-byn-2020.n-Withinn-the n-E urope a nn-Com m ission,n-the n-Spa nishn-m ode ln-isn-a n-succe ssfuln-e xa m ple n-ofn-poli

cie sn-de signe dn-ton-prom ote n-re ne wa ble s.n-The n-principle n-re sultn-isn-the n-volum e n-a ...