HOW SMOKING ENHANCES PERIODONTAL DISEASE

How Smoking Enhances Periodontal Disease

How Smoking Enhances Periodontal Disease

The first article “Smoking enhances bone loss in anterior teeth in a Brazilian population: a retrospective cross-sectional study” by Lima, Fernando and others main objective was to evaluate the effect of smoking on radiographic bone loss resulting from chronic periodontitis. Periapical radiographs were analyzed in 80 patients with chronic periodontitis (40 current or former smokers and 40 never-smokers) who participated in a periodontal practice. (Lima, 2008) Smokers or former smokers, with a minimum consumption of 10 cigarettes / day over a period of more than 10 years were selected. Interproximal radiographic bone hammering was well thought-out as the distance between the cementum-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest. Bone loss among smokers is higher than in never-smokers (p <0.05) (3.33 + / - 1.09 mm and 2.24 + / - 0.76 mm, mean + / -- standard deviation for smokers and nonsmokers, respectively). In each region of the mouth is fairly valued, it was found that smokers' presented incisive bone loss in the highest compared with other groups of teeth (p <0.01). Within the limits of this investigation It can be concluded that smoking increases bone loss resulting from periodontitis and that the incisors are the teeth most affected. (Lima, 2008)

When the second article “Krall, Elizabeth A., Garvey, Arthur J., Garcia, Raul I. Alveolar Bone Loss And Tooth Loss In Male Cigar And Pipe Smokers” by J Am Dent Assoc says that smoking is recognized as being detrimental to oral health, the effects of smoking cigars and pipe on tooth loss risk, the loss of alveolar bone and periodontal disease are not known. The authors conducted this study to determine whether the smoking of cigars and pipe are more likely to experience tooth loss and alveolar bone loss than non-smokers. (Lima, 2008)

The authors studied 690 dentate men participating in the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study. Subjects are not VA patients, and they obtain medical and dental care in the private division. A board certified periodontist conducted clinical examinations for the three years of 23 years. These reviews have included the number of teeth remaining, the number of decayed and filled surfaces of the teeth, scores and indicators of plaque, calculus, probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding and tooth mobility. (KRALL, 1999) Alveolar bone loss was assessed at each examination using periapical radiographs intra Rule Schei method, which measures bone loss in up to 20 percent increases. Multivariate analysis of tooth loss and alveolar bone loss rates of controlling population growth and measures of oral hygiene. (KRALL, 1999)

The relative risk, RR, or loss of teeth compared to non smokers was significantly higher in cigar smokers (RR = 1.3, confidence interval of 95 percent, or CI, = 1.2, 1, 5), pipe smokers (RR = 1.6, CI 95 percent = 1.4, 1.9) and smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.5, 1.7). The percentage of mesial and distal sites moderate to severe progression of alveolar bone loss (a change of 40 percent or ...