FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS

Fingerprint Analysis

Fingerprint Analysis

History of Forensic Science Regarding Fingerprint Analysis

In the seventeenth century, the anatomist Marcello Malpighi identifies the dermal papillae and pores exocrine dermal ridges while Govard Bidloo draws on the boards. In 1678, the English botanist and morphologist Nehemiah Grew was the first to scientifically describe the patterns formed by the dermal ridges and creases in his report to the Philosophical Transactions Royal Society. The Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkinje published a thesis in 1823 in which he scientifically class these drawings in 9 groups (Kremen, Rachel, 2009). The English physician Henry Faulds (in), stationed in Japan , published in 1880 in the journal Nature a paper in which he discusses the usefulness of fingerprinting for identification of criminals and particularly provides a method for recording with printing ink: it says it has confused two burglars and . It is also the first to identify the traces left on a bottle. He wrote to Charles Darwin to explain his method, but the celebrated naturalist, old and sick, does not do it, and sends his mail to his cousin Sir Francis Galton, a founder of eugenics and the statistical method. Focusing particularly on the anthropology, he studied digital traces for ten years and published in 1892 a book, Fingerprints (Fingerprints), in which he establishes the uniqueness and permanence of these figures skin and designs a system detailed classification. He then estimated at 1 in 64 billion chances that two individuals have the same fingerprints (Kremen, Rachel, 2009).

There are already handprints (positive or negative impressions) on the walls of caves Palaeolithic. There are finger marks on prehistoric pottery serving signature from -5000 to the Babylonians and -1900 to Chinese. This is following the work of Galton we rediscovered the use of fingerprints as a means of identification. In 1877 in India, Britain's William James Herschel (in) is used to prevent pensioners of the army from touching several times. At that time, they also serve to identify the local merchants who refuse to fulfill the terms of their contracts: Herschel affixed their fingerprints on these contracts (Kremen, Rachel, 2009). After studying the writings of Galton, the doctor and police officer Juan Vucetich (in) created in 1891 the first fingerprint file in Argentina. He was also the first to identify a criminal in 1892. The use of the term "method vuceticienne" to describe the fingerprint is always used in the policy. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry (in), British inspector assigned to Bengal in India, is developing an identification system similar to Vucetich, a system that is still used in English speaking countries: the "Henry system" that defines families, such as loops, arches and swirls. Back in London, Commissioner Edward Henry organizes Scotland Yard that he generalizes from 1897 this technique: it opens the first file of fingerprints in 1901 so that complete analysis of anthropometry (Ross, Jain, 2004).

In France, it was in October 1902, after rallying late the criminologist Alphonse Bertillon, the fingerprint has become one of the main evidence in police ...