The independent Republic of Haiti was born out of a 12-year revolutionary struggle for freedom from slavery, and against the colonial ambitions of France, Spain and the United Kingdom. The final victory for the revolutionaries came in late 1803 when the united black and mulatto forces defeated the French army, and the new republic was declared on 1 January 1804. Although the 1791-1804 revolution brought an end to slavery and made both blacks and mulattoes free and theoretically equal, racial, social and economic divisions deriving from the colonial regime exerted strong influences on ...