FINAL EXAM

Final Exam Paper



Final Exam Paper

Question No. 1:

Two of the best-known approaches to developing normative ethical theories are deontological and teleological approaches.

Define and describe each of these approaches

Identify the standards adopted by each to determine right and wrong

Outline the advantages and criticisms of each as an ethical framework.

Answer:

Deontological Approach

The deontology approach directs to an ethical perspective to theory that is based on the obligation or duty. In this theory, the specific ethical obligations are considered as self evident, having an inherent value in and of themselves and requires no further explanation.

In this theory, the ethical actions are assessed on the basis of intrinsic rightness i.e. suitability or wrongness i.e. injustice rather than the goodness i.e. decency of the consequences. In the strong deontological theory, the goodness is unrelated to the rightness of an act or deed. In the weak theory, the goodness is pertinent however not the main determinant of the ethical rightness (Woods, 2005, pp. 5).

The advantage of deontology approach is that it has the potential for the explanation that why humans have ethical standing for complaining and hold to report those people who violate the ethical values. On the other hand, it looks irrational on the permissions or duties of people for making the world ethically worse.

Teleological Approach

The teleological approach explains that the moral and ethical perception that argues the wrongness or rightness of deeds is exclusively based on the badness or goodness of their outcomes. The “Teleology” is derived from the Greek work “Telos” that means the end or goal. In the teleological theory, the actions and deeds are ethically neutral when they are considered separately from their results and outcomes.

The examples of teleological theory are utilitarianism and ethical egoism. In the view of this theory, the human behaviour is neither wrong nor right in and of itself. The only thing that concerns is the consequence of those deeds in any context. Therefore, the contextualized outcomes make the human behaviour right or wrong and good bad (White, 2013, pp. 11).

Question No. 2:

Describe the concept of 'diffusion of responsibility'. Identify reasons this may lead to situations where individuals fail to act according to their own beliefs of right and wrong in the workplace.

Answer:

Diffusion of Responsibility

It is a psychological occurrence in which the humans are less possible to act or feel a sense of accountability in the existence of a hefty cluster of people. Basically, in a hefty cluster of people, humans can feel that the individual accountability to interfere is diminished due to the sharing by all of the spectators.

The diffusion of responsibility is usually used to describe the onlooker consequence. This is an occurrence in which if the people are in great numbers, it less probable that they will the individual which is in suffering and anguish. This can be explained well by an example.

Consider that a person is standing on a busy street of a large city, suddenly a mature man fall on the road and start trembling as if having an ...