ETHICS

Ethics



Abstract

Codes of ethical conduct are recognized as one hallmark of a professional community. They suggest that the members of that profession have reached consensus regarding professional standards and values and that members have agreed to abide by those standards. They may also help create cohesion and professional identity. These codes also allow the association to impose some minimum standards and consistency on member behavior. Although there are legal issues regarding enforcement, many professional associations will suspend the membership of those individuals who violate ethical codes. This paper is based on four scenarios in which ethical codes are implemented.

Ethics

Scenario 1

The principle of beneficence states that an ethical theory should allow people to consider their behaviour themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives. The principle of beneficence presents foundation for Robert to choose between good and bad act. This priority to "do good" provides Robert acceptance and doctors with and possible solution to an ethical dilemma acceptable (Arneson, 2004). This principle is also related to the principle of utility, which states that we should attempt generate the largest ratio of good over evil possible in the world. This principle stipulates that therapist should strive to accomplish the excellence so as supply advantages to people like Robert. This principle is mainly associated with the utilitarian ethical theory. An example of "doing good" is found in the practice of medicine in which the health of an individual is bettered by physician's treatment (Beauchamp, 2008).

This means that people should have control over their lives as much as possible because they are the only people who completely understand their chosen type of lifestyle (Braybrooke, 2003). Each man deserves respect because only he has had those exact life experiences and understands his emotions, motivations and body in such an intimate manner. In essence, this ethical principle is an extension of the ethical principle of beneficence because a Robert who is independent usually prefers to have control over his life experiences in order to obtain the lifestyle that he enjoys.

There aretwo ways of looking at the respect for autonomy. In the paternalistic viewpoint, an authority prioritizes on Robert's best interests over his wishes. For example, a patient with terminal cancer may prefer to live the rest of her life without the medication that makes her constantly ill (Daniels, 2006). The physician, on the other hand, may convince the patient (such as Robert) and her family members to make the patient continue taking her medication because the medication will prolong her life. In this situation, the physician uses his or her authority to manipulate the patient to choose the treatment that will benefit him or her best medically. As noted in this example, one drawback of this principle is that the paternalistic figure may not have the same ideals as the Robert and will deny the patient's autonomy and ability to choose her treatment. This, in turn, leads to a decreased amount of beneficence (Egonsson, ...