Endocrine System: Diabetes

Endocrine System: Diabetes

Introduction

Human endocrine system - the system of glands, localized in the central nervous system, organs and tissues, and one of the major regulatory systems of the body.Regulatory influence of the endocrine system via the hormones , which are characterized by high biological activity (providing the vital processes of the body: the growth, development, reproduction, adaptation, behavior). Central component of the endocrine system is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Loss of each component of the hormonal regulation of the overall system violates a chain regulation of body functions, and leads to the development of various pathological conditions. Pathology of the endocrine system is expressed diseases and pathological conditions, which are based on hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or dysfunction of the endocrine glands (Guthrie, & Guthrie, 1997).

Discussion

Symptoms of diabetes in patients vary from person to person. Most often, these patients go to the doctor for the disorders associated with hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia), but the first sign may be an acute metabolic decomposition, leading to a diabetic coma. Sometimes the whole process begins as degenerative complications such as neuropathy, while symptoms of hyperglycemia are missing.

Metabolic disorder caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and a relative or absolute excess glucagon. This usually leads to metabolic decomposition with increasing molar ratio of glucagon / insulin. This ratio may vary as a result of lower levels of insulin and glucagon concentration increases separately or together. Theoretically, the same effect would be to give the biological reactions to any of these hormones (Anderson, & Fain, 1993).

Thus, insulin resistance could cause metabolic effects, which is characterized by increasing ratio glucagon / insulin, even if this ratio, calculated from the results of radioimmunoassay of both hormones in plasma, and would not be significantly altered or even provide a discount (if biologically active glucagon and insulin relatively inactive). The link between metabolic disorders and degenerative complications discussed below. Typically, the clinical manifestations of IDDM and NIDDM are different.

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: Insulin-dependent diabetes occurs usually before the age of 40 years. In the U.S., the most ill persons are under the age of about 14 years. The disease is acute. Thirst, excessive urination, increased appetite occur within a few days, dramatically reduced body weight. Some patients have ketoacidosis occurs during intercurrent illness or after surgery. Type I diabetics can have normal body weight or be drained, depending on the time interval between onset of symptoms and the start of treatment.

In typical cases, the plasma insulin levels are low or not detected. Elevated levels of glucagon, but the action of insulin is reduced. The onset of symptoms is required insulin therapy. Sometimes the initial episode of ketoacidosis followed by an asymptomatic period (honeymoon period), when treatment is needed.

Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes: Disease usually strikes in middle age or later. Typically, the patient is obese. Symptoms develop more slowly than in IDDM, and the diagnosis is often taken to improve glucose detected in the laboratory study, a person who is not having any ...