Effect of Adrenaline, Dexamethasone and Glucagon On Plasma Glucose & Insulin
Introduction
Results & Graphs
Results in Table 1 show a relatively consistent plasma glucose and insulin over the examined period of time in the subjects injected with saline.
Table 1: Effect of saline on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6033
Sheep No
6003
Averages
Weight
49
Weight
38
Weight
43.5
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
5.4
2.07
0
4.2
1.23
0
4.8
1.65
2
NA
NA
2
3.5
1.14
2
3.5
1.14
5
6.3
0.30
5
4.3
1
5
5.3
0.65
10
5.6
0.19
10
4.2
1.31
10
4.9
0.75
15
6.3
1.30
15
4.1
1.59
15
5.2
1.44
20
6.2
1.74
20
4.1
0.78
20
5.15
1.26
30
6.5
1.61
30
4.1
1.1
30
5.3
1.36
45
6.5
2.15
45
4.4
1.41
45
5.45
1.78
60
6.5
3.93
60
4.2
1.64
60
5.35
2.78
90
6.2
1.90
90
4.2
1.9
90
5.2
1.90
120
6
1.77
120
4.2
0.84
120
5.1
1.30
Glucose levels doubled within ten minutes and remained increased for subjects tested with adrenalineas can be seen in Table 2. Asignificant increase in insulin is also evident.
Table 2: Effect of adrenaline on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6309
Sheep No
6027
Averages
Weight
46
Weight
48
Weight
47
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
5.5
0.68
0
5.3
0.97
0
5.4
0.82
2
5.7
2.25
2
7.6
1.98
2
6.65
2.12
5
8.5
3.10
5
9.3
2.99
5
8.9
3.05
10
8.7
5.05
10
10
4.96
10
9.35
5.01
15
8.5
6.62
15
8.4
6.30
15
8.45
6.46
20
8.2
10.46
20
9.3
10.50
20
8.75
10.48
30
8.2
13.70
30
8.8
13.45
30
8.5
13.57
45
8.3
16.12
45
8.6
15.94
45
8.45
16.03
60
8.2
16.33
60
8.6
16.40
60
8.4
16.37
90
7.9
13.92
90
7.9
14.10
90
7.9
14.01
120
7.3
7.97
120
7.1
7.30
120
7.2
7.64
Table 3 shows a relatively consistent level of glucose and insulin over the examined period of time in subjects injected with dexamethasone.
Table 3: Effect of dexamethasone on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6038
Sheep No
6067
Averages
Weight
41
Weight
49.5
Weight
45.25
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
3.8
0.90
0
4.4
0.85
0
4.1
0.88
2
4.9
1.20
2
3.6
2.65
2
4.25
1.92
5
5.4
0.78
5
4.4
0.30
5
4.9
0.54
10.5
5.2
1.14
10
3.6
0.19
10.25
4.4
0.67
15
5.1
0.99
15
NA
NA
15
5.1
0.99
20
5
1.54
20
3.8
1.74
20
4.4
1.64
30
4.8
1.30
30
3.9
1.61
30
4.35
1.46
45
4.5
0.56
45
3.8
2.15
45
4.15
1.35
60
4.3
0.87
60
4.1
2.00
60
4.2
1.43
90
4.2
1.40
90
4.1
1.90
90
4.15
1.65
120
4.3
1.65
120
4
1.78
120
4.15
1.71
The levels of glucose doubled within the first ten minutes after injection of glucagon as seen in Table 4. Insulin levels also significantly increased after twenty minutes and remained increased at 120 minutes.
Table 4: Effect of glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6056
Sheep No
6037
Averages
Weight
43
Weight
54
Weight
48.5
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
4.4
0.75
0
4.3
0.30
0
4.35
0.52
2
NA
NA
2
5.5
NA
2
5.5
NA
5
7.6
1.20
5
6.3
1.76
5
6.95
1.48
10
8.9
0.75
10
NA
1.43
10
8.9
1.09
15
9.5
0.97
15
7.3
1.43
15
8.4
1.20
20
9.8
15.80
20
7.4
18.37
20
8.6
17.09
30
9.2
29.40
30
7.5
34.05
30
8.35
31.72
45
8.5
34.50
45
7.1
41.16
45
7.8
37.83
60
7
39.40
60
6.1
42.69
60
6.55
41.04
90
5.2
26.40
90
6.3
28.50
90
5.75
27.45
120
4.2
22.80
120
4.1
20.99
120
4.15
21.90
In Table 5, results for glucose levels are slightly increased and fall between those of adrenaline and dexamethasone when test separately as can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3. Insulin levels significantly increase after twenty minutes and begin to decrease after ninety minutes, although still remaining on average ten times higher than initial levels.
Table 5: Effect of adrenaline and dexamethasone on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6060
Sheep No
6062
Averages
Weight
40
Weight
55
Weight
47.5
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
4.7
2.10
0
4.9
0.73
0
4.8
1.41
2
6.7
2.71
2
5.8
3.77
2
6.25
3.24
5
6.3
3.80
5
6.5
4.09
5
6.4
3.95
10
6.2
5.20
10
6.6
5.47
10
6.4
5.33
15
6
7.30
15
6.7
6.53
15
6.35
6.92
20
6.9
11.60
20
6.8
9.31
20
6.85
10.45
30
6.7
19.40
30
6.4
22.97
30
6.55
21.19
45
6.7
24.60
45
6.4
25.88
45
6.55
25.24
60
6.2
32.70
60
7.2
30.86
60
6.7
31.78
90
6.4
37.40
90
6.3
33.46
90
6.35
35.43
125
7.1
18.60
120
5.4
14.99
122.5
6.25
16.80
The effects of Dexamethasone
Table 6: Effect of dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6003
Sheep No
6051
Averages
Weight
43.5
Weight
42
Weight
42.75
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
3.8
1.79
0
5.3
2.10
0
4.55
1.94
2
5
6.74
2
8.4
2.30
2
6.7
4.52
5
6.7
10.28
5
9.8
1.70
5
8.25
5.99
10
7.2
18.51
10
11
3.60
10
9.1
11.05
15
9.7
18.29
15
11.1
15.20
15
10.4
16.74
20
10.9
36.03
20
10.3
29.50
20
10.6
32.76
30
12.2
40.09
30
9.6
4.36
30
10.9
22.22
45
10.9
28.96
45
9
25.30
45
9.95
27.13
60
10.1
21.16
60
8.5
19.90
60
9.3
20.53
90
8.7
14.54
90
8.3
14.10
90
8.5
14.32
120
7.5
6.96
120
8.3
5.00
120
7.9
5.98
Table 7: Effect of adrenaline and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6027
Sheep No
6013
Averages
Weight
49.5
Weight
39
Weight
44.25
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
5.8
1.95
0
4.3
2.40
0
5.05
2.17
2
5.4
2.97
2
6.6
3.10
2
6
3.03
5
6.9
5.23
5
9.8
6.10
5
8.35
5.67
10
7.6
4.07
10
10.9
4.30
10
9.25
4.18
15
8.5
6.53
15
11.5
7.20
15
10
6.87
20
9
9.31
20
11.6
9.50
20
10.3
9.40
30
9.1
17.80
30
10.8
18.20
30
9.95
18.00
45
8.2
19.48
45
9.7
21.30
45
8.95
20.39
60
7.4
30.86
60
9.44
28.70
60
8.42
29.78
90
6.7
33.46
90
8.3
35.60
90
7.5
34.53
120
6.3
30.87
121.26
7.5
29.40
120.63
6.9
30.14
Table 8: Effect of adrenaline, dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin
Sheep No
6039
Sheep No
6039
Averages
Weight
46.5
Weight
37
Weight
41.75
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
Time
Glucose
Insulin
0
5
1.88
0
4.5
0.97
0
4.75
1.43
2
7.9
2.57
3
5.6
3.12
2
6.75
2.85
5
8
3.55
5
8.4
4.10
5
8.2
3.82
10
9.6
2.85
10
9.3
2.54
10
9.45
2.70
15
10.2
2.54
15
9.9
2.34
15
10.05
2.44
20
11.8
3.92
20
10.5
4.20
20
11.15
4.06
30
13.3
8.65
30
11.1
9.60
30
12.2
9.12
45
12.5
16.83
45
10.7
16.30
45
11.6
16.56
60
11.8
32.71
60
10.3
35.70
60
11.05
34.20
90
10.9
64.52
90
9.2
54.90
90
10.05
59.71
120
11
41.59
120
9.3
38.20
120
10.15
39.90
Effect on Plasma Glucose
Figure 1: Effects of various hormones on plasma glucose
Figure 2: Effects of various hormones on plasma insulin
Discussion
The hyperglycaemic effects of Epinephrine are firmly established and their impact on the human body if well documented by the various researches in the recent biological medical industry. However the relevant research on the modulation of the Epi stimulated endogenous glucose production by the ingestion of glucose and insulin in the human body is still lacking. The results presented above have been presented so as to form this vital link and establish the impact of glucose and insulin on the human body and the comprehensive process of endogenous glucose production (Vicini et Al, 2002).. The aim of the contemporary researchers in the context of the overall effect of epinephrine on plasma glucose and insulin is to increase the research procedures and formulate a practical database of the acquired data. The exogenously increased plasma Epi concentrations within the human body have a drastic impact on the insulin and glucose dynamics. This is the reason why the research regarding this subject has to be increased so as to better understand the dynamics of the human body and the overall effect of adrenaline, dexamethasone and glucagon on plasma glucose and insulin. \
The hyperglemic effects of epinephrine on the human liver and on the overall functioning of the human body are firmly established in ...