[Does Migration Fulfil hopes and expectations? A case study of Nigerian women living in Dublin]

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW1

3.1. Introduction1

3.2. Migration Theories2

3.3. Women and Migration6

3.3.1. Feminisation of migration7

3.3.2. Vulnerability of Women in Migration8

3.4. Experiences of Migrants9

3.4.1. Acculturation and Adaptation12

3.4.2. Language Issues13

3.4.3. Foreign Qualifications Recognition13

3.4.4. Irish Work Experience13

3.4.5. Employment Experiences14

3.4.6. Expectations Meet Reality14

3.4.7. Racism and Discrimination15

3.4.8. Loss15

3.4.9. Physical and Mental Health16

3.4.10. Gender Issues16

3.5. Theories of Needs17

3.5.1. Definitions of Needs, wants, and satisfiers17

3.5.2. Perspectives of Needs17

3.5.3. Max-Neef's Theory on Human Needs20

3.6. Development21

3.6.1. Definition21

3.6.2. Debates on Development22

3.6.3. Migration and Development24

3.6.4. The Developed Life27

REFERENCES30

BIBLIOGRAPHY32

CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Introduction

Migration has been studied for many economists, taking factors other disciplines such as demography and sociology, have sought to formulate an explanation for this phenomenon. The first attempts occur at the end of the twentieth century, when it states his theory of push and pull factors, such as conditions that attract and pushing people to migrate.

In the past decade Irish society has witnessed momentous changes; economic growth rates soared well above European national averages, unemployment rates plummeted to historic lows, and Ireland emerged from almost two centuries as a nation of emigrants and has been transformed into an immigrant-receiving country (Ward, 2002, 41). This new migration in the context of Ireland presents a unique opportunity for research into the relations between women, migration, and the nation for several reasons. First, with such a persistent history of emigration the recent shift to the immigrant-receiving nation demands attention. Secondly, Ireland's migration history is unusual in that the number of women who left the country throughout the 20th century consistently outnumbered emigration among men. More recently, long-standing policies and practices associated with citizenship in Ireland as well as understandings of nationhood and Irish identity have begun to unravel largely in association with the immigration practices of women in particular (Taylor, 2006, 133).

In view of these issues in Ireland, ideas about social identity and space, more specifically identity, nationhood, and who belongs, are consistently and inextricably bound up with women and migration. I assert that coinciding with recent changes in the political-economic, social and cultural geography of Ireland, the intersections between women, migration and nationhood are thrown into relief. Therefore, with particular attention to recent shifts within Irish society, and focusing on media attention as well as interviews that recount the experiences of migrant—refugee and asylum seeker—women, this dissertation aims to explicate the role that women's migration plays in understandings and productions of the nation-state and nationhood in Ireland today.

3.2. Migration Theories

In order to clarify and theoretically position for purposes of research, identifies some of these theories. It begins with the first theory that emerged about it, called, neoclassical theory of migration for two main reasons, because without doubt the most influential of those produced to date, which has more followers, besides being the oldest existing ones. In fact, one can say that the first theory is worthy of the name or known migration theory of neoclassical economics, as well as call Jorge Durand and Douglas ...