DIFFERENT DRY PATTERN ON DIFFERENT MEDIUMS

Different Dry Pattern on Different Mediums

Different Dry Pattern on Different Mediums

Introduction

However, paints present some important disadvantages: relatively low volume solids, meaning that more wet paint has to be applied to obtain a good coverage, longer drying times needed due to the relatively low rate of evaporation of the water; the potential problems with applying the paint at low temperature and high humidity; possible poor water resistance in some applications and wet paint dispersion stability issues which can result in problems of flocculation, coalescence, and storage instability.

Latex paints probably consume the largest amounts of polymer colloids produced commercially. They are made of complex mixtures of chemical substances that include: (i) binders (latexes), (ii) volatile components (coalescing aids, freeze-thaw stabilizers, etc.), (iii) pigments and (iv) additives (thickeners, dispersants, fillers, defoamers, etc.).

Experimental Design

Materials

Triton X-165 (CAS No. 9002-93-1), Triton X-305 (CAS No. 9002-93-1), polyethylene glycol 600 sulphate (CAS No. 37340-69-5), polyethylene glycol 350 monomethyl ether (CAS No. 9004-74-4) and Brij 76 (CAS No. 9005-00-9) were purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Triton X-405 (CAS No. 9002-93-1), Triton N-101 (CAS No. 123359-41-1), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (CAS No. 50586-59-9), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (CAS No. 490-79-9), sodium iodide (CAS No. 7681-82-5) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (CAS No. 2052-49-5) were purchased from Aldrich (Gillingham-Dorset, United Kingdom). Triton N-57 (CAS No. 9016-45-9), Tergitol NP-9 (CAS No. 127087-87-0) and Tergitol NP-40 (CAS No. 127087-87-0) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, USA). Ethanol (CAS No. 64-17-5) and methanol (CAS No. 57-56-1) were purchased from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Ion exchange resin (AG® 501-X8, 20-50 mesh) (CAS No. 60177-39-1/CAS No. 69011-20-7) was purchased from Biorad (Hercules, USA). Ammonium acetate (CAS No. 631-61-8) was purchased from Janssen Chimica (Beerse, Belgium).

Samples

Acrylic samples were received both in liquid and dry form. The liquid samples consist of base emulsions (BE), modified emulsions (ME), varnishes (V) and liquid paints (LP). The dry samples are pieces from dried paint films (PF) or samples taken from a palette and from paintings.

The base emulsions Primal AC-235 (BE), Primal AC-33 (BE), Primal AC-634 (BE), Primal AC-73 (BE) and Emulsion E1801 (BE) were obtained from Röhm and Haas. Samples obtained from Lascaux include Lascaux medium 1 (ME), Lascaux medium 1 gloss (1994) (ME), Lascaux acrylic paint yellow ochre (1994) (PF), Lascaux acrylic paint titanium white (1994) (PF), Lascaux acrylic varnish 575 matt (1994) (V), Lascaux acrylic varnish 575 gloss (1994) (V) and Lascaux acrylic size 735 (V). From Röhm the base emulsion Plextol B-500 (BE) was obtained. Texicryl 13-002 (BE), Texicryl 13-203 (BE) and Texicryl 13-031 (BE) were obtained from Scott Bader Ltd. Golden polymer medium gloss (ME), Liquitex gloss medium and varnish (ME) and Rowney gloss medium (ME) were obtained from Golden, Liquitex and Rowney, respectively. From Lukas, Lukas acrylic medium brilliant (ME), Lukas acrylic medium matt (1993) (ME), Lukas acrylic binding medium (1993) (ME), Lukascryl helio genuine yellow lemon (LP) and Lukascryl titanium white (LP) were obtained. Samples from Winsor and Newton include Winsor and Newton artists' acrylic titanium white (1973) (PF), Winsor and Newton artists' acrylic Indian yellow (1973) ...