Differences in Management and Management system in Europe comparing with in two different continents Asia and America

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study1

Aims and Objectives of the Study3

Research Questions3

Significance of the Study4

Limitations of the Study5

Ethical Concerns5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW7

Theoretical Framework of the Study7

Culture and its Characteristics8

Cultural Framework and Managerial Practices10

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY16

Research Approach16

Research Design16

Sample of Participants17

Data Collection17

Instrument18

Data Analysis19

Validity and Reliability of Quantitative Data20

Projected Time Table21

REFERENCES22

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Competition has shifted from local to a global level. Furthermore, several international political events, such as the fall of the Berlin wall, the breakup of the Soviet Union, the conflict in the Middle East, and the 9-11 terrorist attacks, have created change and insecurity around the world, causing individuals to choose the United States as the most suitable place for personal safety and economic growth. (Church, 1982, 54)

The second major challenge for these newcomers is in the area of human resource management. This is true in all businesses, but especially in the business sector. Generally speaking, the entrepreneurs, who are leading diversified teams, are the ones who lead the whole organisation, making all the decisions, running the promotion campaigns, and deciding when to hire or layoff employees in the company (Chen, 2004, 63). Every action of this entrepreneur will have tremendous influence, positive or negative, on the organisation.

The third challenge for leaders of multicultural organisations is the management of change. In the United States entrepreneurs have to operate in a more diversified environment than would be found in their home country. (Chau, 1984, 59) pointed out that if an organisation wishes to maintain its competitive level, it will have to adjust. An entrepreneur requires knowledge and leadership skills to overcome the usual resistance to change by subordinates, providing new ideas and empowerment, motivating and encouraging employees, and handling challenges in various situations. Because of the differences in cultures, managers often experience difficulties and frustration in the Western world. These manager s face leadership challenges and cultural barriers every day, among them new attitudes and behaviour required of leaders in a modern organisation. Purpose of the Study

This study seeks to explore important factors related to cultural diversity, personality differences and improved intergroup experiences. Blau suggests that the way to deal with cultural differences is 1) to achieve better knowledge of cultural differences, 2) to hire people with tolerant and flexible personalities and 3) to redefine issues so that improved intergroup experiences lead to improved intellectual endeavours (Caligiuri, 2004, 48). The primary purpose of this study is to identify the cultural factors deemed pertinent to effective cross-cultural management practices in three continents. The secondary purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which these cultural factors are covered in the cross-cultural training programmes provided by multinational organisations in three continents. Problem Statement

Knowing cultural attitudes are difficult to change; the hotel chains cannot expect local employees to dramatically change their cultural attitudes to fit the culture of the organisation (Brown, 1998, 71). Instead, the hotel chains are responsible for training ...