Cross-border hydrocarbon pipeline regulation: tackling environmental impacts and land rights using a comparative study

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, (Name) wish to announce that all contents of this work / memory stand in my own work without any support, and this thesis / dissertation has been no research on the academic and professional in the past. It also represents my own views and not closely related to the university.

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Date: __________________________

DECLARATION

I, [name of the author], hereby declare the best of my knowledge, the entire contents of this thesis represent my real job, and that such a thesis was submitted prior to any academic research or other qualifications. In addition, the researcher represents his own personal opinions and do not have anything to do with them at university.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii

DECLARATIONiii

TABLE OF CONTENTSiv

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION1

Hydrocarbon reserves1

Pipelines as a mode of hydrocarbon transportation2

The economic viability of pipelines in current hydrocarbon transportation5

Cross border pipelines and its current challenges6

Welded connection8

Poor Developmental effects10

Positive development11

Aims and objectives12

Ethical issues13

Research for the preparation14

Aim of the research14

Objectives of the research14

Research questions14

CHAPTER 02: LITRATURE REVIEW16

West African Gas Pipeline Project16

South Africa's environmental governance, a concern to hydrocarbon pipelines18

Laws related to hydro carbon19

Cross boarder Integrity21

Territorial rights of sovereign states over hydrocarbon activities22

Energy development plans23

The effectiveness of these rights under current international legal instruments26

Nord Stream's importance for the EU and the countries of the Baltic Sea28

Cross border hydrocarbon supply to Europe28

Investments in the EU and the Baltic countries for cross border hydrocarbon pipe line29

Yamal-Europe I gas pipeline31

EU gas imports32

Political disputes33

Regional legal instruments dealing with cross border pipelines34

Field Testing of Water Injection System (WIS), 1999-200036

Niger Delta area38

Legitimacy Theory40

Activities of the oil industry42

Resources required by the organization43

Engine Exhaust Emissions44

Walther Engineering Services, Inc., 2001-200245

West Virginia University (WVU), 200246

Safety and environmental protection48

The Environmental Impact of cross border pipelines53

Air quality, climate, and the ecosystem55

Economic Impact57

Towards effective regulation of cross border pipelines58

Source of foreign earnings59

Right to natural resources61

Methodology62

Descriptive come Explanatory Research64

CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY65

Overview65

Mixed Method Research66

Qualitative Method67

Quantitative Methodology69

Research Design70

Systematic literature review71

Explanatory Research72

Research Strategy73

Cross Sectional73

Stratified Random Sampling75

Sample Characteristics75

Data Collection tool75

Questionnaires76

Research limitations76

Research Ethics77

CHAPTER 04: RESULT AND DISCUSSION78

Background79

Contractual Assignment80

Introduction to contractual assignments81

Assignment, why it is needed?82

Assignment and its effects84

Novation why it is needed?85

Novation and its effects86

Assignment of Decommissioning Security87

Leaving the Facility in Place88

International Treaty Obligations89

The Rome Convention89

Department of Transportation regulations for pipelines93

The Regime Theory Approach to Burial Design97

Equilibrium and Regime98

A stable equilibrium, presumably99

Hydro carbon utilization100

The Rate-Base Method of Price Determination102

Incentive, Prices, and Usage107

Supply and demand120

Impact of drilling technologies122

Associated risks123

Change in Strategies according to Projections124

Motivation for Companies to Adopt New Technology125

Oil Sector in Saudi Arabia and Its Influence on Economy125

Multiparty Arbitration Issues128

Arbitration129

The Agreement and Privity of Contract130

U.S. Perspective135

Chinese Perspective138

CHAPTER 05: LIMITATION145

CHAPTER 06: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION148

Oil pipeline regulation149

Minor importance150

Lower rates to take effect152

Violations of sections154

Double counting of interest156

Refined product shipments157

Cheap transportation158

Under sizing argument159

Crude production162

The forces shaping the oil market163

Historical relationship165

According to UNC166

Aftermath of Macondo167

Admiralty tort168

Local jurisdiction170

References171

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

The first practical application of a floating platform was a pivotal event in the development of human civilization. It leads to two-thirds of the earth becoming navigable and the resources of the ocean exploitable. Exploration and Harvesting / production has continued ...