The federal government of a country has significant accountability and responsibility for the outcome of interactions with citizens. Use of violence between government and citizens as well as related concerns about use of force have been under continual review by humanitarian and civil rights officials, criminal justice researchers, journalists, police administrators, and civil libertarian organizations. Judicial review has an enormous impact on how governments and its agencies should operate. Racial and ethnic tensions create additional difficulties and complicate use of force issues between law enforcement officers ...