CASE STUDY

Case study

Case study

1- Referring to the case of Mr. and Mrs. Washington we are concerned with unpacking such developments within an ethical framework broadly conceived around 'human rights',3 and which essentially protects one's autonomy - the capacity to lead one's life according to one's own values - including emergent principles such as competency, consent, privacy and confidentiality.4 Autonomy is not to be understood as mere “independence” from others, nor as the “freedom to do whatever one wants”.

The experience of social exclusion is not unique to older people; it affects people of all ages. However, social exclusion is particularly acute in later life for three reasons. Firstly, it is rare that people excluded in mid-life are able to break the cycle of exclusion in later life. Secondly, the impact of key life events, such as bereavement, can lead to exclusion in later life. And, thirdly, the impact of age discrimination on both the aspirations of older people and the environment within which they operate can lead to exclusion. (Morse, S. 2004. Pp. 437-444.

2-Conceptually, pensions typically fit within the 'safety nets' category of social protection, that is they are viewed as protective, rather than promotive. However, in practise its impacts are highly variable depending upon the beneficiary and the beneficiary of the household. Social exclusion is policymakers' jargon for being cut off from the mainstream of society. It means being unable to access things in life that most people take for granted, such as a properly equipped, well maintained home, close friends and regular company, stimulating activity and easy access to important services like GPs, shops and post offices. Both life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (the number of years of good health or fairly good self-perceived health) have increased over recent years, but healthy life expectancy has increased at a slower rate. Poor health is strongly related to severe exclusion among older people.

The ageing process affects us all, but not uniformly. Why do some age more 'successfully' than others? What are the processes involved and what are the factors influencing healthy ageing? How does ageing at the cellular level contribute to age-related disease? A clearer understanding of the underlying biological processes involved in ageing is necessary before cost-effective. While there are undoubtedly good prospects for significant benefits to individuals and to society from advances in understanding and technologies in this area, there is also some uncertainty about the moral implications of these developments. (Risch, N., Burchard, 2007. 1-12.)

3- Many of the ethical questions concerning neuroscience and addiction research have been given renewed emphasis by the negative connotations, including stigmatisation and discrimination, associated with drug misuse (Copeland 1997). Here we do not comment on research ethics per se, since the literature is well established in this area identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the structure of the offender's family. Some of these factors include conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or ...