Case Study



Case Study

Part One- Pathophysiology template

Disease

One of the most widespread diseases of lung is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It causes difficulty in the process of breathing. It takes account of: constant bronchitis, unceasing asthma, and emphysema. In each state there is constant impediment of the course of air throughout the airways and out of the lungs, and the stumbling block in general is enduring and gets progressive with the passage of time.

Definition

COPD is an expression that is frequently employed to illustrate a set of lung disorders that takes account of: emphysema, constant bronchitis and asthma. Even though fatal, it is an avertable disease that not only has an effect on the lungs, but also has a considerable impact on other body organs.

Aetiology

Regular smoking is the principal grounds of this disease. More an individual involve in smoking, greater chance to develop this disorders. Nevertheless, some people never get hold of COPD, despite the consequences of being involved in smoking for many years. In exceptional cases, non-smokers who do not contain a protein named as, alpha-1 antitrypsin can have the odds to develop the symptoms of emphysema. Other risk aspects for COPD are:

•Introduction to certain gases or exhaust in the place of work

• Contact to great levels of recycled smoke and toxic waste.

•Regular exercise of cuisine fire devoid of any proper arrangement for the exposure of air

Pathogenesis

The present example for the pathogenesis of COPD is that an unceasing airflow restriction which outcomes from an irregular provocative reaction to breathing in of constituent elements in the lungs. Air space irritation seems to be diverse in vulnerable smokers and takes account of a prevalence of CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. The pathological alterations in inmates with COPD are multifaceted and take place in the four diverse chambers of the lungs: the innermost, large air ways; the small side-line airways; the lung parenchyma; and the pulmonary vasculature.

Structural Changes

The comparative involvement to the airways impediment created by the pathological alterations in the air passages and those of emphysema, has been the area under discussion of significant research. In broad-spectrum, in all such "structure-function" investigations, pathological alterations show a relationship, to a certain extent, defectively with medical and functional outlines of the disease.

Functional Changes

COPD goes further than the lungs and acquires considerable general effects amongst which muscle dysfunction is one of the most significant. It is a major provider to work out restriction, health care employment and a self-determining interpreter of morbidity and death.

Clinical features

The medicinal and pathological representation is complex by the verity that pathological alterations take place in large passages of air, small passages of air and lung parenchyma, together with pulmonary vessels, and any arrangement of these pathological irregularities may be present in an individual inmate. These alterations give mount to the medicinal and physiological irregularities in COPD, which are: mucus hyper-secretion and cilia dysfunction; air flow restriction and hyper-inflation; gas exchange irregularities; and pulmonary hyper-tension and general outcomes.

Course of disease

COPD is an expression for a broad cataloguing of diseases, together ...