BIOLOGY

Biology Assignment

Biology Assignment

Muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is referred to not one, but a group of muscle diseases. These diseases have three common traits: they are hereditary; they are progressive, and each of the causes and characteristics of the selective pattern of weakness. Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe childhood form of this group of diseases. Each form of muscular dystrophy is caused by a defect in specific genes.

In 1986, scientists have discovered which parts of the genetic material are missing in patients with Duchene muscular dystrophy. DAGC provides a physical connection, and possibly signalling pathways between extra cellular matrix and the inner forest of muscle cells. Mutation as a result of Duchene in muscular is dystrophy gene deficiency, which is pathogenic basis of DMD. Dystrophy is absent or serious flaws in a person with DMD. When dystrophy is lost due to gene mutations, muscle, falls apart under the stress created when it contracts. Without dystrophy, muscle fibres also lose their ability to regenerate and will eventually replace the fat and fibrous connective tissue (Emery, 2002).

Myopathy

Myopathy refers to diseases that affect muscles connected with the bones (called skeletal muscles), such as the biceps in the shoulder and quadriceps. Myopathy may be caused by inherited genetic defects (such as muscular dystrophy), or endocrine, inflammatory (e.g., poliomyelitis), and metabolic disorders.

Myopathy, muscle disease is not related to any violation of innervations or neuromuscular connections. Etiologies vary widely. Common symptoms are muscle weakness, impaired function in daily life, and, rarely, muscle pain and tenderness.

Almost all types of myopathy produce weakening and atrophy of skeletal muscles, especially the muscles closest to the centre of the body (called proximal muscles), such as hip and shoulder muscles. Muscle away from the centre of the body (called the distal muscles), for example, in the hands and feet, usually applied not often.

OME myopathy such as muscular dystrophy usually develops at an early age, and other developments in later life. Some conditions worsen over time and do not respond well to treatment and others are treatable and other remains stable. When a few treatments are available that addresses the cause of the disease, myopathy called "non-specific muscle myopathy (Ronis, 2007).

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease marked by weak, brittle bones occurs mostly in women. Medical significance of this disease is that the bones lose calcium for strength and matrix support. Osteoporosis is the scientific name of the disease, but another term for this is osteopenia. Common name for it is osteoporosis. One half of all women aged over 45, and 90 percent of women older than 75 years in the United States suffer from osteoporosis.

There are many reasons for this disease. One reason is our genetic heritage. If your mom was, and her mother, if there is a very good chance that you will get osteoporosis. Another reason may be inadequate intake of vitamins and calcium. Dietary surveys have shown that most adults do not take the recommended amount of calcium in their ...