BIOLOGY

Mitochondria DNA Analysis

Mitochondria DNA Analysis

Introduction

Cells need energy for staying alive, along with maintaining an efficient cellular environment. In addition to the energy is essential for the routine maintenance of functioning of the cells, their development, growth, and reproduction all these processes requires energy. The movement of certain materials throughout the membranes requires an extensive energy, for performing intracellular

locomotion and movements. Cells acquire energy for working with oxidizing organic fuel molecules,

which is a process known as cellular respiration. Cells main source of food is glucose, the method through which a cell gets energy is through breaking down of glucose in to an energy known as ATP, and in order to perform this function efficiently cells require oxygen. Water is an essential source of energy for cell phones, because that is what cells are mostly made up of, the cytoplasm is mostly water (He et al, 2003, 2487-2491).

ATP is the main energy source through which the cells perform most of their tasks, because the molecules of ATP contains impending force, that is present in the form of a compressed spring, and when a phosphate group is pulled during a chemical reaction this stored energy is released. This process is recycled continuously inside the cells. An operational muscle cell recycles its ATP molecules in every one minute, that is ten million ATP molecules regenerated and spent per second. The ATP powers the cellular work through coupling the energy released to provide energy using the reactions.

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that are used to convert carbohydrates and other molecules to release the energy contained in the carbohydrates and molecules. Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) takes place in the mitochondria of the cell. Products and intermediate molecules of aerobic respiration provide carbon molecules which are used to produce amino acids, precursors of nucleic acids and lipids.

Equation for aerobic cellular respiration:

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy + Dioxide water glucose oxygen + Carbon

Glucose is an energy-rich molecule, and the decomposition of glucose molecules form of lower energy and 40% of the chemical energy of the glucose used in the formation of ATP, the rest is lost as heat energy. The ATP powers the cellular work through coupling the energy released to provide energy using the reactions. The aerobic cellular respiration has four stages.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is a process that degrades glucose (6-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecules). Two ATP molecules are released from each molecule of glucose. This process occurs in anaerobic conditions, which are to say without the presence of oxygen. All organisms are glycolysis.

Pyruvate can be used without oxygen in the fermentation process is an anaerobic process (no other molecule of ATP will be produced). If there is oxygen, pyruvate enters mitochondria and cellular respiration process continues (Richter, 1998, pp-.59-62).

Reaction of transition and oxidative decarboxylation

Each molecule of pyruvate loses a carbon ...