BIMODALITY IN IGNEOUS ROCKS AND ACCOUNTING

Nature of Bimodality in Igneous Rocks and Accounting

Bimodality in Igneous Rocks and Accounting

Introduction

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the bimodality of igneous rocks and accounting. Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies. A molten rock called magma when it is below the surface of the earth, and it is called lava when it is on the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups depending on the place where the rock is formed (Alonso, 2009, p. 541). Igneous rocks that form below Earth's surface are called intrusive igneous rocks (or plutonic). These rocks form when magma enters a pocket or underground chamber which is relatively cold and that solidifies into crystals because it cools very slowly, and produces rocks containing large crystals. Igneous rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth are called extrusive igneous rocks. These rocks are also known as volcanic rocks are formed as the lava cools at or above the surface of the Earth.

Discussion

The aim of this paper is to explain the bimodality of the compositions as possible of the igneous rocks. For this, we present a model of crystallization of a magma chamber coupling the three phenomena: solidification, sedimentation, chemical reactions between the solid and liquid. Igneous rocks are composed primarily of silicates, which are composed mainly of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O). These two elements, along with aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) are more than 98% by weight of most magma that form upon solidification of igneous rocks. In addition, magmas contain small amounts of many other elements such as sulfur (S), gold (Au), silver (Ag) uranium (U), rare earths, dissolved gases, etc.. The composition of an igneous rock depends, therefore, the initial composition of the magma from which it formed. The series of crystallization of Bowen (1928) shows the order of crystallization of various silicates with decreasing temperature of magma.

The above image shows the independent dimensionless parameters, expressing the respective reports of the solidification rate on the speed of moving solid / liquid, and the kinetics of exchange on the speed (Wheelock, 1993, p. 19). The model is written for an independent chemical constituent. We show that, for certain values of the dimensionless parameters, the chemical composition of the chamber may have a bimodal distribution, while the initial conditions are uniform. This model shows that the coupling between three elementary phenomena is sufficient to account for the bimodality, or more generally, the emergence of discontinuities compositions, without involving additional hypothesis.

The bimodality in igneous rocks has been observed in recent years, within various systems for a wide range of incident energies (35 MeV / u to 1 GeV / u). In this paper, we perform a systematic study of the bimodal distribution of the largest fragment produced (Zmax) for different systems available in the igneous rocks and accounting. Peripheral collisions (Au + Au from 60 to 150 MeV / u Xe + Sn and 80 ...