BACTERIOPHAGES

Bacteriophages

Bacteriophage

Introduction

The current situation is characterized by reduced effectiveness of antibiotics due to the formation of resistance to them in pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Antibiotic treatment is accompanied by a disturbance of normal microflora, allergy, occurrence of mechanisms of immune protection. Respectively: a big problem in the treatment of septic infection is an adequate selection of antimicrobial drugs. Good prospects as an antimicrobial therapy are bacteriophages, were commonly used in "doantibioticheskuyu era" for the treatment of intestinal and purulent infections.

Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses and their antibacterial effect is due to specific lysis (destruction) of bacteria in the inflammation. The action of the virulent phage occurs in stages: first, by adsorption on the surface of homologous bacterial cells, then the penetration into and subsequent intracellular multiplication of using its structural components, disruption of cells and release of mature phage particles ready to infection of new bacterial cells. (Waterson, 1978)

The existence of viruses was established in 1892, when Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky, found microscopic particles, known later as the mosaic virus snuff. In 1898 the Dutch botanist Martinus W. Beijerinck called these particles infectious virus. A few years later, viruses were found growing on bacteria, which are called bacteriophages. In 1935, the American biochemist Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized snuff mosaic virus, showing that consisted only of genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA) and a protein coat. In the 1940's the development of microscope -mail enabled the visualization of the virus for the first time. Years later, the centrifugal development of high speed able to concentrate and purify. The study of animal virus reached its peak in early 1950 with the development of methods of cell culture, support of viral replication in the laboratory. Then, many viruses were discovered, most of which were analyzed in the 1960 and 1970 to determine their physical and chemical characteristics.

The advantages of bacteriophage preparations are narrow specificity of action, not cause, unlike antibiotics, suppression of the normal micro flora. Proved stimulatory effect of staphylococcal bacteriophage in bifid bacteria - an essential component of gut micro biota. Using bacteriophages to treat infectious diseases motivations of specific and non-specific immunity, which is especially effective for treating chronic inflammatory diseases on the background of immunosuppressive states of bacteria.

In Russia, the CIS, Poland, France, Spain, bacteriophages are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine. Extensive experience of using bacteriophages to treat enteric infections: clinical efficacy demonstrated high phagotherapy acute and chronic dysentery, salmonella, accompanied by sanitation vehicles. Proved high epidemiological efficiency of prophylactic dysenteric, typhoid and salmonella bacteriophages, in a controlled epidemiological experiment conducted in preschools and in industrial plants, a decrease in the incidence of 3-6 times. The use of bacteriophages has revealed good results in the treatment of diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria, dysbacterioses, purulent skin lesions, ENT organs, musculoskeletal system, genitourinary system, systems of circulation and respiration, including newborns and infants during the first year of life. Experimental studies and long clinical observation proved the impossibility of transferring plasmids of antibiotic resistance and toxigenicity curative drugs bacteriophages because they are polyclonal complexes virulent ...