ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence

Introduction

The term artificial intelligence, created by John McCarthy, is often abbreviated IA. It is defined by one of its creators, Lee Marvin Minsky as "the construction of computer programs that engage in tasks that are, for now, more satisfactorily accomplished by humans because they require high-level mental processes such as perceptual learning, the organization of memory and critical thinking ". There is therefore the side "artificial" achieved by the use of computers or electronic processes developed and the side "intelligence" associated with its aim to imitate the behaviour. This imitation can be done in reasoning, e.g. in games or practice of mathematics in understanding natural language in perception: visual (interpretation of images and scenes), hearing (understanding of spoken language) or other sensors in the control of a robot in an unfamiliar or hostile.

The key barrier to the creation of AI remains the failure to duplicate the nebulous quality of human intelligence that has been defined as the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. With the inability of programs to replicate the essential features of human nature, such as common sense or intuition—attempts to create AI usually fail under the heavy load of rules that had to be written to deal with every problem. A few experts believe that human level intelligence can be achieved by amassing data in computers, but the general consensus is that without a fundamental transformation, it cannot be predicted when human level intelligence will be achieved.

There are many extant branches of AI including logical AI—where a program corresponds what it experiences about the world generally with the facts of the particular situation on which it must act, with goals constituted by sentences of some mathematical logical language; search programs that scrutinize a large number of possibilities, such as moves in a game of chess; pattern recognition programs that compare what is perceived with a databank of stored images. Generally, the more complex the pattern, for example, a natural-language text or a chess position, the more complex the program; representative AI that denotes facts using languages of mathematical logic, inference machines, where facts are derived from other known facts, commonsense AI, which, in an indications of the difficulties in creating AI, is the least developed in spite of enormous research, except in certain areas such as non-monotonic reasoning and theories of action; AI programs that can learn from experience and are based on connectionism and neural nets that specialize or on the learning of laws expressed in logic.

The definitions that link the definition of AI to an aspect of human intelligence, and those that bind to an ideal model of intelligence, not necessarily human are called rationality. These definitions insist that the AI has the goal of having all the appearance of intelligence (human or rational), and those who insist that the inner workings of the AI system must also resemble that of human beings or rational (Alpaydin, ...