Article Summary

Article Summary

Research design

a. What design was used?

With a counter-balanced internal replication, an experimental design that was randomized post-test-only was carried out by Johnson et. al. (1998) for the determination of the effects of reinforcement method. Randomized experiment that is two-group posttest-only is the most elementary of all experimental designs. A pretest is not necessary for this design. It is determined in this design, whether after the program, two groups are different. The groups are typically measured one or more measures and then they are compared by testing using a t-test or ANOVA for the differences between the means. The treatment program is got by one group while other is comparison group. It is strong against the threats of single-group to internal validity as this is not a design of single group.

b. Was it appropriate to address the problem?

It is appropriate to address the problem. The key objective of this study was determination of the impacts of two reinforcement methods in the teaching/learning process in two instructional areas on cognitive achievement of student. It is also sought by the study to determine the effects of gender, and the gender and reinforcement method's interaction on student cognitive achievement.

c. Was the design adequately defended?

Yes, the design is somewhat defended in this paper.

d. Did the design address:

i. 11 threats to internal validity

The posttest-only control group design, in accordance to Campbell and Stanley (1966), controls for all internal validity's threats.

ii. Address the threats to external validity

Since in the study, purposive sampling was used, therefore, to other Populations, these results are not generalizable. Hence, the questions of external validity are not applicable in this study.

2. Population

a. Was the target population identified?

Yes the target population was identified.

b. Was the target population and the accessible population the same?

No there was no similarity in the target ...