[Annotated Bibliography ]

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Creswell's guidelines

Creswell pointed out that in qualitative research goal is to achieve the best side, understand, - he for some understanding of social phenomena settings or description. Learn to take a lot of time in the field.

He believes that verification is essential to evaluate the quality of qualitative research.

Prolonged Engagement

Expenditure in this area has enough time to learn and understand the cultural, social background, or the phenomenon of interest.

This involves all aspects of consumption have enough time to observe a set, scope and people to speak, and with the culture and the harmonious development of relations between the members.

The relationship between trust on industries and promotion of understanding and cooperation is between researchers and members of the construction of meaning of a set.

Triangulation

Triangulations in the investigation involving the use of multiple data sources have understanding.

Some of the results as conclusive evidence, and as a validation method, see triangle. However, this is controversial. This is assumed to be a way to compensate for the weaknesses of another method, and it always makes sense between different accounts. This is impossible.

Rather than as a Triangular authentication or authentication method, qualitative researchers typically use this technique to ensure that the account rich, powerful, comprehensive and mature.

Peer debriefing

This is an expose themselves in a parallel analysis will be selfless peers and exploration for the investigation, or may still be hidden only in the heart of the purpose of questioning the process.

Negative or Deviant Case Analysis

This involves finding and discuss the data do not support or explain the seemingly contradictory pattern or from the elements appear in data analysis.

Case analysis is a deviation of refined until it can explain or illustrate the process of the majority of cases.

Deviant case analysis can be modified, expanded and confirmed the model, appears from the data analysis.

Reflexivity

It attempt to reflexive participation in building a system of knowledge, especially of the researchers in the research process every step of the attitude.

"Researchers will affect the position of the background and to investigate their options, the survey point of view, the method of judging, this purpose the most appropriate as the most appropriate results, and the development and conclusion communication"(Malterud, 2001, p. 483 -484).

In this, it may be Perspective or the location of the shape of researchers - quantitative, qualitative, and even laboratory science.

Member Checks

This is when data, analytic categories, interpretations and conclusions are tested with members of those groups from whom the data were originally obtained.

This can be done both formally and informally as opportunities for member checks may arise during the normal course of observation and conversation.

Typically, member checking is viewed as a technique for establishing to the validity of an account.

Lincoln and Guba posit that this is the most crucial technique for establishing credibility. However, this technique is controversial.

Thick Description

Ethnography is described by Lincoln and Guba (1985) as implemented in the way of external validity type. By the phenomenon described in enough detail to begin to assess the extent to which concluded that the transfer to other times, settings, ...