Annotated Bibliography

1. Burton, V.S., Cullen, F.T., Evans, T.D., Dunaway, R.G., Kethineni, S.R., and Payne, G.L. (1995). The impact of parental controls on delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, (23), 111-126.

Burton et al. (1995) look at both the indirect and direct controls that are argued to lessen the delinquency of juveniles. The indirect controls results from the attachment that the children have to their parents and not a direct attempt to discipline them. Direct controls are conceptualized as immediate punishment or immediate threat of punishment from parent along with other actions that parents take to limit misbehavior and delinquency. Using self- report surveys from high school students, they found that direct controls had a significant, inverse effect on both general and drug crimes while the indirect controls did not have a significant effect on delinquency. This article looks at all aspects of the social bond theory as well as various control variables including race and age along with components of differential association. Bibliography included.

2. Crosnoe, R. (2002). High school curriculum track and adolescent association with delinquent friends. Journal of Adolescent Research, 143, (17), 143-167.

Crosnoe (2002) examines the effect curriculum tracks have on the likelihood that students will associate with delinquent peers and follow their negative influence. Data from a large scale study of schools in California and Wisconsin was used to examine whether curriculum tracking influences friendship groups and if the tracks affect how friendships, especially delinquent friendships, occur. Social bond theory is used to explain the second of these propositions. This theory suggests that because students in the lower curriculum tracks are less bonded to school and place less value on academic achievement, they are more likely to be swayed by delinquent friends since they already have less to lose than those students on the higher tracks. The results demonstrated that it is very difficult to move up to a higher track from one of the lower tracks and that students in the lower tracks were more vulnerable to having delinquent friends and being influenced by them than the higher track students. The students in the higher tracks did not tend to be influenced by delinquent friends when they did associate with them.

3.Dornbusch, S.A., Erickson, K.G., Laird, J., Wong, C.A., (2001). The relation of family and school attachment to adolescent deviance in diverse groups and communities. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, (4), 396-422.

Dornbusch et al. (2001) look at whether attachments to family and school reduce five different form of adolescent deviance: cigarette smoking, marijuana use, alcohol use, delinquency, and violent behavior. The adolescents are also differentiated based on gender, ethnicity, and their community's economic deprivation. A national probability sample, collected in two consecutive years, was used as a data source. It was found that parental closeness was significant in reducing the prevalence and incidence of cigarette smoking and parental closeness was also a factor in lower marijuana use levels in the less economically deprived areas. School attachment was found to be significant in reducing the prevalence of delinquency of ...