ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care



Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care

Introduction

At the level of deproteinized plasma ultrafiltration glomeruli (not filtered proteins theoretically), but then, at the level of the renal tubules, most of this filtrate is reabsorbed, this may seem like extra work, but can be explained from an evolutionary standpoint. The source of this leak were single-celled organisms to be in the middle of a hypotonic environment, should take what was left, then to appear multicellular should put into water (filtration-reabsorption).

CNS is linked to all organs and tissues through the peripheral nervous system, which in vertebrates includes cranial nerves extending from the brain and spinal nerves - from the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia, as well as the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system - nerve centers, with suitable to them (preganglionic, from the Latin ganglionitis) and extending from them (postganglionic) nerve fibers. Sensory or afferent nerve fibers are causing excitement in the central nervous system from peripheral receptors on the diverter efferent (motor and autonomic) nerve fibers of the central nervous system excitement directed to the cells of the executive working apparatus (muscles, glands, vessels, etc.).

Discussion

Human beings need materials that repair the body suffers wear and energy to constantly move and maintain vital functions. Using the function of human nutrition materials taken from the outside (food) he is in charge of making own substances. The amount of energy supplied by food is measured in Kilocalorie. The energy requirements are met primarily by carbohydrates and lipids or fats. The energy requirements of each depend on the daily energy consumption.

In all departments of the central nervous system are afferent neurons, which receive incoming stimuli from the periphery and efferent neurons that send nerve impulses to the periphery of the executive to the various effector organs. Afferent and efferent cells of their spikes can contact each other and make dvuhneyronnuyu reflex arc that performs the elementary reflexes (e.g., tendon reflexes, spinal cord). But as a rule, in a reflex arc between the afferent and efferent neurons are intercalated nerve cells, or interneurons . The relationship between the different divisions of the CNS is also carried out by a variety of processes of afferent, efferent neurons, and these divisions, forming intracentral short and long pathways. The composition of the central nervous system also includes cells of the neuroglia , which perform in her support function, as well as participate in the metabolism of nerve cells. Brain and spinal cord is dressed in three brain membranes: a solid, arachnoid, and vasculature and is enclosed in a protective capsule consisting of a skull and spine.

In humans and other mammals, the respiratory system consists of airways, lungs and respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air both inside and outside the body. Gas exchange is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the animal with its environment. Within alveolar system of the lungs, the molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged ...