Contemporary approaches to Psychology are the lenses in which behavior and mental processes are interpreted and studied. They are born out of the discovery of other factors, aspects and characteristics affecting and inherent to the individual's psyche. Each approach provides its own set of principles for exploring the subject matter of the field, and recommends the most appropriate method of investigation (Kelly, 2005). Psychodynamic theory does not feature prominently in the mainstream of current substance use research, and it has not been expanded to accommodate recent research on biological factors. Psychodynamic formulations of human behavior have ...