NON-MAMMALIAN MULTI-CELLULAR MODEL HOSTS

Non-Mammalian Multi-Cellular Model Hosts

Non-Mammalian Multi-Cellular Model Hosts

Introduction

Definition of host-pathogen interaction

Early views of pathogenicity and virulence were primarily pathogen centered and they were based on the assumption that some of these characteristics were intrinsic properties of microorganisms. Therefore, Host-pathogen interactions are principally the interactions that are taking place among pathogen, i.e., a bacteria or virus and their host, which are plants and human beings (Casadeval & Pirofski, 2000, pp. 6511-18). Thus, host-pathogen interactions can be explained as per the population level, which is determined through the virus infections in overall population (human beings). Secondly, host-pathogen interactions can be described from the organism level, for instance, virus infects host or on the other hand from the molecular level, which is the virus protein birds that are receptor to human cells. From the medical perspective, pathogens may interact with their host without causing any sort of disease, like when viruses cause asymptomatic infections (Ebbole, 2007, pp. 437-45). However, one thing that need to be notify that some organisms or viruses can be act as both, pathogens and hosts, for instance, bacteria that is involved in causing infection in plants and animals are themselves infected by different viruses.

History of Using Non Mammalian as Model in General

In the recent times, microbial pathogensies emanating mainly from the studies that based on the bacterial virulence, whose main focus was on the ability of pathogen to cause the disease. Therefore, Stoffels, et. al., (2003) cited in different research papers that microbial surface characteristics are determined as critical determinants of the virulence of microorganisms. Therefore, as per past literature, chemistry of different microbial surface is considered to be major distinction among pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms (p. 2908). However, this view is supported by the point that different molecular distinction s among pathogenic and non-pathogenic that were reveal from former unique virulence factors that enabled them to formulate a model that establish on the basis of host. Therefore, pathogen centered model is viewed as a reinforcement that many genes of same type required virulence based on bacteria are in the discrete form of DNA segments, for instance pathogenicty islands, which implies that the acquisitions that are conducted with sufficient bacterium to transform virulent.

Secondly, worldwide the areas that are with poor sanitation, poverty, overcrowding and little or no access to medical facilities, infectious diseases are most likely to cause mortality and morbidity in those individuals that apparently showed a normal immune system (Peterson, et. al., 2008, pp. 546-555). Whereas, in contrast to this, in developed countries mortality that associated with infectious diseases has been reduced significantly by improving the infrastructure for sanitation, access to medical care and widespread vaccinations. However, everything cannot be perfect but still the scientists are trying to overcome the human health problems.

Example of non-mammalian

The uses of non-mammalian organisms are required for the development of different innovative and new strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of different health related problems. The main example of non-mammalian model is treat ...