High Pressure Intensifier

By

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my supervisor for supporting me throughout my project and giving his valuable suggestions. Finally thanks to all my friends and family for their utmost support and inspiration.

DECLARATION

I, (Your name), would like to declare that all contents included in this dissertation stand for my individual work without any aid, & this dissertation has not been submitted for any examination at academic as well as professional level previously. It also represents my own views & not essentially the ones associated with university.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

CHAPTER 11

Physical Background of the Processes1

Compressibility1

Adiabatic Thermal Pressure Coefficient2

Isobaric Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion Coefficient3

Speed of Sound4

Thermodynamics of High Pressure Intensifier8

Equilibrium and Rate Processes15

Description of Several Optimal Examples17

Spark Ignition17

Low Pressure Injection17

High Pressure Injection18

Recommendation of most Suitable Solution20

CHAPTER 226

Design theory of the electrical drives for high pressure intensifiers in relation to pressure requirements26

Physical Background of the Processes33

Description of Several Optimal Examples41

Pressure vessel and pumping system41

Furnace42

Piston-Cylinder Devices43

Hydraulic Presses51

Electrical Resistance Heating Equipment53

Recommendation of most Suitable Solution55

CHAPTER 357

Design theory and design example of electrical drive for high pressure intensifier for 400 bars and 5 liters per minute57

Physical Background of the Processes59

Intensifier Electrical Drive Using Standard Cylinders59

Description of Several Optimal Examples60

Three-head intensifier electrical drive with tandem cylinder60

Oversize-rod cylinder as an intensifier62

Motor-Type Flow Divider as an Intensifier63

Special Air-Oil Intensifier Cylinder64

Air-to-Air Intensifiers65

Recommendation of most Suitable Solution66

REFERENCES75

CHAPTER 1

Physical Background of the Processes

Pressure primarily affects the volume of a system in such a manner that all matter, regardless of its high pressure state, suffers a reduction of volume upon application of pressure, even though the effect is much greater for gases than it is for condensed matter, liquids and solids (Bridgman 1931). Expressing this change in volume using high pressure notation produces

Compressibility

The amount of contraction is governed by the compressibility, which is dependent on the intermolecular forces acting within the substance, that is, it is the result of the balance between attractive and repulsive potentials (Soo 2010, 39). Compression results in decreasing the average intermolecular distance and reducing rotational and translational motion. Compressibility, an intrinsic physical property of the material defined by Equation 2-2, decreases from gases (order of magnitude 10 -5 - 10 -6 Pa -1 ) to liquids (10 -6 - 10 -10 Pa -1 ) with the greatest variability, to solids (10 -10 - 10 -12 Pa -1 )

Compressibility of liquids decreases with pressure, since the initial 'free volume' has largely disappeared, and the repulsive potential is stronger than the attractive at high pressures. For most liquids compressibility increases with temperature given that thermal expansion increases the internuclear distances (increase in 'free' volume). Once more, water is an exception and its isothermal compressibility decreases with temperature passing through a minimum around 46 o C (Smith 2007, 25).

Adiabatic Thermal Pressure Coefficient

Upon compression of a liquid, heat is evolved due to the work of compression against repulsive intermolecular forces. Once a substance experiences a positive thermal expansion, this temperature rise increases the volume and affects the value of compressibility. Therefore, compressibility can be obtained either ...