ECONOMICS

Economics

Economics

Part 1

Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a fully controlled process, tested in laboratories and in the tens of thousands of holes, based on the expertise of researchers and practitioners, often patented. It is a relatively expensive treatment that can make up 25% of the drilling. Horizontal drilling technology alone is not enough for effective exploitation of unconventional gas deposits. To enable the extraction of raw materials on a large scale, must be prepared in the horizontal section of the borehole network of artificial joints and then fill them with sand of suitable grain size, thereby creating a new communication path from the deposit into the hole extraction. This is possible through the use of hydraulic fracturing technology (Arenson, 1981, 23-45).

Classical gas production is carried out in underground cavities. The cavities may be present as oil, so the gas pressure can be used to displace the oil and then drain the residual gas. This works on the principle of siphon when the level in the tank pushes the carbon dioxide and the fluid is pumped into a tube fitted with a valve for draining the fluid into the crucible. Moreover, with that as a smaller gas reserves that may be extracted in the traditional way began to look for new sources of life-giving resources. The discovery of shale gas has been known for at least 100 years, but the problems were with its extraction. Furthermore, horizontal drilling is being used in the extraction of shale gas (Arif, 2010, 51). Once the drill reaches the layer of shale-rich gas, it is necessary to deviate horizontally and passing through this layer.

Petroleum distillates

Petroleum substances are part of some fluids used in hydraulic fracturing. They are listed in the data sheets as different petroleum distillate fractions such as kerosene, aliphatic hydrocarbons, heavier petroleum fractions, mineral spirits, lighter fractions purified by distillation of crude oil or aromatic hydrocarbons. They are used as additives added to include the corrosion inhibitors, lubricants and solvents. Petroleum distillates are mixtures of different composition, but having similar adverse effects on health (Bird, 2010, 327). Accidental ingestion of large quantities of these substances is associated with disorders of the digestive system and the central nervous system. Skin contact with kerosene for a short period of time can cause skin irritation, inflammation and flaking. Inhalation of vapors of these substances can adversely affect the central nervous system.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Some fluids used in hydraulic fracturing include certain aromatic hydrocarbons. Ingredient benzene adversely affects the nervous system, liver, kidney and bone marrow. Benzene is associated with an increased risk of leukemia in workers who for a long time in the air inhaled benzene at work. Exposure to high concentrations of xylene caused birth defects in laboratory animals. Naphthalene is associated with adverse effects on red blood cells when people accidentally ingested mothballs, or when the babies wore diapers that have been stored in a closet, where they were mothballs. Laboratory animals breathe in vapors of naphthalene have long had damaged airways and increased risk ...