The Western Church in the early middle Ages needed exacting penances for the shedding of body-fluid, which were increased in early Carolingian regulations (eighth century). In this context it was often tough to differentiate between conflict and calm, and calm came to be examined mostly in functional periods as easily a respite from battling, occasionally even being depicted as the goddess of victory. The Peace of God action round the turn of the first millennium tried to regulate warfare through firm papal limits on times of battling and kinds of weaponry utilized, ...