Standardized Testing

Introduction

Standardized tests have been an integral part of the American education system since the mid-19th century. Current examples of standardized tests include the Stanford Achievement Test, which is used to assess students in K-12; the ACT college entrance examination; and the United States Medical Licensing Examination, which is used to license physicians. These tests are characterized by the uniformity of the content, administration conditions, and scoring. Though this form of assessment has been subject to changes, one aspect of educational standardized testing that has remained constant throughout the course of its history is its ability to remain at the center of controversy and debate. The role, effectiveness, and intent of standardized testing have always been questioned—whether an instrument attempts to assess student competency or potential or to measure effectiveness of instruction and administration, especially when connected to a reform effort (Peter, Pp. 64).

Beginnings of Standardized Testing in the United States

In the mid- to late 1800s, cities in the United States grew at a rapid pace. Contributing to this growth was a large influx of immigrants. To educate and assimilate the growing populace, states established universal schooling. As the costs of this public education increased, the pressure to show that the money was a wise investment also increased. The desire for accountability contributed to the growth of standardized testing in America. In Massachusetts, for example, rapid growth meant that school supervisors could no longer administer oral examinations to students. Horace Mann, then secretary of the Board of Education of Massachusetts, replaced oral examinations with a standardized, written examination. From the very beginning, the written test faced criticism in that the content tested was narrow and covered the basic subject areas, whereas the objective of the schools was to provide a comprehensive education. In addition, the results of the written examination were designed to measure student achievement but were also used to make comparisons among schools and to drive reform (McNeil, Pp. 10).

Purposes of Testing

In education, the goal of standardized testing is to provide accurate information about students in order to make well-informed decisions. Results from tests have served multiple purposes, such as guiding instruction, meeting accountability demands, promoting equity, and increasing efficiency. Interwoven with these purposes is the use of standardized tests as instruments of reform.

Guiding Instruction

A major purpose of testing in education is the improvement of student knowledge and achievement. To achieve this purpose, states often develop standardized tests to measure student achievement of subject-area learning goals, typically referred to as curriculum standards. States develop curriculum standards to serve as frameworks to guide teachers in planning classroom instruction. These standards then guide the design of the state tests. In turn, the state tests provide information about student achievement of the curriculum standards and the need for instructional reform (Kohn, Pp. 81).

Accountability

Taxpayer expenditures for public education contribute to a demand for accountability. Often legislators and state and district educational agencies rely on standardized testing for gauging school success. Test data contribute to policy-making decisions that target reform, such as retention/promotion of ...