RESPONSES

Responses

Responses

Briefly compare and contrast automatic and effortful processing. Provide a specific example of each encoding process.

Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (Cowey 2oo2)

(a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed.

(b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed.

The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research. (Cowey 2oo2)

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The Hierarchy of Needs theory has four different levels before one comes to full self-actualizing. These levels are, in order, the psychological needs, safety, love and care and esteem needs. The psychological needs are those one needs to survive, such as food, water, oxygen, shelter and more. Then comes the need for safety and protection for one's family' these needs include safe shelter, security, protection from both mental and physical damage, and others. (Benson 2oo2)

Self-actualization is to have all of the needs fulfilled and to be settled with a good job. According to Maslow, a person who is fully self-actualized, have the following character traits. According to his research, e stated that self-actualizers tend to be reality centred, meaning these people can distinguish between what is fake and dishonest from what is real and true. They were problem centred; people treated life's difficulties as problems demanding solutions, the need for privacy and ...