HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

Human Computer Interaction



Human Computer Interaction

Introduction

Research in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) has shown that early usability evaluation of human interfaces can reduce operator errors by optimizing functions for a specific population. HCI research has produced many methods for evaluating usability, which have proven effective in developing highly complex computer systems. Given the importance of the human in the loop in aviation systems, it is possible that advanced commercial cockpit and air traffic control systems may benefit from systematic application of usability research. This article identifies the special requirements of the aviation domain that will affect a usability evaluation and the characteristics of evaluation methods that may make them effective in this context. Recommendations are made of usability evaluation techniques, or combinations of techniques, most appropriate for evaluating complex systems in aviation technology (Hopkin, 1998, pp. 391).

Discussion

The role of any system interface is to provide a dialog between the operator and the device. This dialog directs the actions of the operator to the device in the form of controls and from device to operator by converting raw data to useful information. If a system is useable, the dialog is intuitive and natural and allows the user to work in harmony with the system. There are numerous ways to evaluate and enhance the usability of a system. Some are empirical; others require the support of a usability expert, and some are best performed by groups. Ideally, these methods are applied dur-ing the development of the system to ensure a usable product. Conducting a usability evaluation for any system poses unique challenges (Hopkin, 1988, pp. 639).

In the complex, dynamic, tightly regulated environment of aviation, the challenge of performing a usability evaluation expands considerably in comparison to evaluation of traditional human-computer interaction (HCI) applications. Dramatic advances in technology and pressures to increase the number of commercial flights are driving factors in the evolution of interface controls on the flight deck and in air traffic control (ATC) workstations. As technological functions are added to already highly complex interfaces, which may increase operator workload, it is important that the user be considered in the design of the system. Furthermore, as the consequences of an error in aircraft piloting or ATC may be catastrophic, the importance of the human operator in the decision process is even more evident (Gould, 1997, pp. 231).

For example, in December 1995, the pilots of an American Airlines Boeing 757 bound for Cali, Colombia, altered their landing approach from one that required them to pass over the airport and reverse course to one that involved a shorter, straight-on approach. In the process of interacting with automated systems used to navigate the aircraft's flight path, the pilots became so distracted by display interfaces and functions that they failed to notice they were heading directly toward El Deluvio, a mountain peak 10 miles east of the airport in the San Jose mountain range. At 9:38 p.m., the 757 struck the mountain at an elevation of 8,900 ft, killing all but 4 ...